Analysing Host Preference Behavior of Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) Under the Impact of Indoor Residual Spray

Kumar, Vijay; Shankar, Lokesh; Rama, Aarti; Kesari, Shreekant; Dinesh, Diwakar Singh; Bhunia, Gouri Shankar; Das, Pradeep

doi:10.9734/ijtdh/2015/16170

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…When using human and cattle baits, P. argentipes collections are several-fold higher on cattle than humans over the same period of exposure, and it was suggested that this may be a consequence of host density or biomass on sand fly blood-feeding behaviour [ 10 ], but may also reflect the heterogeneous distribution of sand flies between available hosts resulting from aggregations (leks), which P. argentipes are known to form [ 29 ]. One field study, that attempted to take host availability into consideration, was performed in Bihar with the main objective to determine whether host preference of P. argentipes changed as a result of DDT-based IRS used in the VL elimination programme [ 9 ]. Additional studies of this nature are required, especially given that disruption of recruitment to aggregation sites, following the loss of conspecific cues due to IRS induced mortality, may amplify any insecticide-induced repellence or changes in host preference and divert sand flies towards other sites such as non-covered households/animal sheds.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is now compelling evidence, provided by a comprehensive quality assurance and insecticide resistance study, to suggest that DDT-based IRS in India is suboptimal and resistance of P.argentipes to DDT is widespread [ 8 ]. A further fear is that populations of P. argentipes may have changed their behaviour from being predominantly endophilic (resting indoors) to exophilic (resting outdoors) as a consequence of DDT-based IRS [ 9 ]. If this is true, and if many vectors are not resting indoors for a sufficient period of time to acquire a lethal dose of insecticide, then control may be compromised.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding the transmission dynamics of Leishmania donovani to provide robust evidence for interventions to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India

et al. 2016

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Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected vector-borne disease. In India, it is transmitted to humans by Leishmania donovani-infected Phlebotomus argentipes sand flies. In 2005, VL was targeted for elimination by the governments of India, Nepal and Bangladesh by 2015. The elimination strategy consists of rapid case detection, treatment of VL cases and vector control using indoor residual spraying (IRS). However, to achieve sustained elimination of VL, an appropriate post elimination surveillance programme should be designed, and crucial knowledge gaps in vector bionomics, human infection and transmission need to be addressed. This review examines the outstanding knowledge gaps, specifically in the context of Bihar State, India.The knowledge gaps in vector bionomics that will be of immediate benefit to current control operations include better estimates of human biting rates and natural infection rates of P. argentipes, with L. donovani, and how these vary spatially, temporally and in response to IRS. The relative importance of indoor and outdoor transmission, and how P. argentipes disperse, are also unknown. With respect to human transmission it is important to use a range of diagnostic tools to distinguish individuals in endemic communities into those who: 1) are to going to progress to clinical VL, 2) are immune/refractory to infection and 3) have had past exposure to sand flies.It is crucial to keep in mind that close to elimination, and post-elimination, VL cases will become infrequent, so it is vital to define what the surveillance programme should target and how it should be designed to prevent resurgence. Therefore, a better understanding of the transmission dynamics of VL, in particular of how rates of infection in humans and sand flies vary as functions of each other, is required to guide VL elimination efforts and ensure sustained elimination in the Indian subcontinent. By collecting contemporary entomological and human data in the same geographical locations, more precise epidemiological models can be produced. The suite of data collected can also be used to inform the national programme if supplementary vector control tools, in addition to IRS, are required to address the issues of people sleeping outside.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the transmission dynamics of Leishmania donovani to provide robust evidence for interventions to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India

et al. 2016

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“…Our modelling work suggests that case-to-case transmission is local (≤500 m) 11 – 13 , which would support the current range of IRS around affected villages. However, the value of IRS, as it is currently implemented, has been questioned 14 , 15 , whereas there is some indirect evidence for the impact of diagnosis and treatment 14 , 16 , 17 , making case detection pivotal in the elimination programme. Moreover, even though this is currently not the target, no geographical areas have been “cleared” of transmission, suggesting that current tools are not sufficient to achieve zero transmission and may have to be implemented indefinitely to maintain control.…”

Section: Insights Gained From Mathematical Modelling Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights from mathematical modelling and quantitative analysis on the proposed WHO 2030 targets for visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian subcontinent

Adams¹,

Chapman²,

Coffeng³

et al. 2019

Gates Open Res

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by Leishmania protozoa that are transmitted by female sand flies. On the Indian subcontinent (ISC), VL is targeted by the World Health Organization (WHO) for elimination as a public health problem by 2020, which is defined as <1 VL case (new and relapse) per 10,000 population at district level in Nepal and sub-district level in Bangladesh and India. WHO is currently in the process of formulating 2030 targets, asking whether to maintain the 2020 target or to modify it, while adding a target of zero mortality among detected cases. The NTD Modelling Consortium has developed various mathematical VL transmission models to gain insight into the transmission dynamics of VL, identify the main knowledge gaps, and predict the feasibility of achieving and sustaining the targets by simulating the impact of varying intervention strategies. According to the models, the current target is feasible at the appropriate district/sub-district level in settings with medium VL endemicities (up to 5 reported VL cases per 10,000 population per year) prior to the start of the interventions. However, in settings with higher pre-control endemicities, additional efforts may be required. We also highlight the risk that those with post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) may pose to reaching and sustaining the VL targets, and therefore advocate adding control of PKDL cases to the new 2030 targets. Spatial analyses revealed that local hotspots with high VL incidence remain. We warn that the current target provides a perverse incentive to not detect/report cases as the target is approached, posing a risk for truly achieving elimination as a public health problem although this is taken into consideration by the WHO procedures for validation. Ongoing modelling work focuses on the risk of recrudescence when interventions are relaxed after the elimination target has been achieved.

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The Efficacy of Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets for Leishmaniasis in Asia

Sanjoba

Özbel

Matsumoto

2016

Kala Azar in South Asia

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Analysing Host Preference Behavior of Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) Under the Impact of Indoor Residual Spray

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Understanding the transmission dynamics of Leishmania donovani to provide robust evidence for interventions to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India

Understanding the transmission dynamics of Leishmania donovani to provide robust evidence for interventions to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India

Insights from mathematical modelling and quantitative analysis on the proposed WHO 2030 targets for visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian subcontinent

The Efficacy of Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets for Leishmaniasis in Asia

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