Analyses of volatile organic compounds from human skin

Gallagher, Maryann; Wysocki, Charles J.; Leyden, James J.; Spielman, Andrew I.; Sun, Xiang; Preti, George

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08748.x

Cited by 372 publications

(367 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Short-chain fatty acids from C3 to C6 are relatively uncommon in human skin [28], except from the foot [5,30], and, rarely, from the back and forearm [8]. The discrepancy between the absence in the palm of the hand of fatty acids below C12:0 in our study and the report of Bernier et al [3] may be attributable to contamination from the high background level of low molecular weight fatty acids originating from exhaled breath.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 53%

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On-line detection of human skin vapors

Martínez-Lozano

Mora

2009

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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Vapors released by the skin in the hand of one human subject are detected in real time by sampling them directly from the ambient gas surrounding the hand, ionizing them by secondary electrospray ionization (SESI, via contact with the charged cloud from an electrospray source), and analyzing them in a mass spectrometer with an atmospheric pressure source (API-MS). This gas-phase approach is complementary to alternative on-line surface ionization methods such as DESI and DART. A dominating peak of lactic acid and a complete series of saturated and singly unsaturated fatty acids (C 12 to C 18 ) are observed, in accordance with previous off-line studies by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Several other metabolites have been identified, including ketomonocarboxylic and hydroxymonocarboxylic acids. -5]. Until the recent development of desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) [6] and its variant extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) [7], such studies were dominated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [3, 4, 8 -10], which requires sample collection and preconcentration, and is time consuming. Selected ion flow tubemass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) [11] has provided realtime information on skin emanations for relatively volatile species such as acetone [12]. Proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) claims parts-pertrillion (ppt) sensitivities [13] and has permitted on-line monitoring of UV-induced lipid peroxidation products from human skin and its dependence on the fatty acid composition of the skin [14]. The rich new possibilities for on-line analysis of surfaces brought about by DESI and EESI have been used to continuously monitor the release of caffeine from the skin of a person before and after drinking coffee [15], or of DESI ions from intact bacteria [16]. The present study will continue these promising ES-based approaches relying on an ionization mechanism referred to as secondary ESI (SESI) [17][18][19][20][21], where gas is sampled from the ambient and mixed with the charged cloud of an electrospray of clean solvent. Polar volatile species are then ionized, either directly by the charged electrosprayed drops or by the small ions released after drop evaporation. Therefore, SESI ionizes vapor species and suspended particles [18] directly in the gas phase [22], being complementary with other surface ionization methods such as DESI or direct analysis in real time (DART) [23], which actively desorb charged species from surfaces.We shall see here that hexadecanoic and octadecanoic acids are released directly from the skin as vapors, without the need for an active desorption.We have recently used real-time SESI to sense explosive vapors [24] and breath volatiles [22,25], with lower detection limits approaching 0.2 ppt [24]. In negative ionization of breath [25] and urine [26], we accidentally observed a rich group of skin vapors, primarily organic acids. This interesting finding motivates the present study on negative SESI of skin vapors.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 53%

“…1062 MARTÍNEZ-LOZANO AND FERNÁNDEZ DE LA MORA extraction, concentration, and injection into the GC [8]. Short-chain fatty acids from C3 to C6 are relatively uncommon in human skin [28], except from the foot [5,30], and, rarely, from the back and forearm [8].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On-line detection of human skin vapors

Martínez-Lozano

Mora

2009

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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“…Numerous studies have attempted to identify the compounds that constitute human volatile emanations (Cork and Park 1996, Bernier et al 2000, Meijerink et al 2000, Braks et al 2001, Curran et al 2005, Gallagher et al 2008. Human sweat and human skin residues are highly attractive to An.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of Synthetic Versus Natural Human Volatiles as Attractants for <I>Anopheles gambiae</I> (Diptera: Culicidae) Sensu Stricto

Smallegange

Knols

Takken

2010

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“…These odors may be used to discriminate individuals and also to define their physical condition or emotional status [3]. VOCs emitted from exhaled breath, sweat, and other biological secretions carry unique and very often pivotal information-data for each individual and are correlated with daily habits (diet, smoking (or not), exercise, medication, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometry for Homeland Security and Forensic Applications

Giannoukos

Brkić

Taylor

2014

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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Abstract. A man-portable membrane inlet mass spectrometer has been built and tested to detect and monitor characteristic odors emitted from the human body and also from threat substances. In each case, a heated membrane sampling probe was used. During human scent monitoring experiments, data were obtained for inorganic gases and volatile organic compounds emitted from human breath and sweat in a confined space. Volatile emissions were detected from the human body at low ppb concentrations. Experiments with compounds associated with narcotics, explosives, and chemical warfare agents were conducted for a range of membrane types. Test compounds included methyl benzoate (odor signature of cocaine), piperidine (precursor in clandestine phencyclidine manufacturing processes), 2-nitrotoluene (breakdown product of TNT), cyclohexanone (volatile signature of plastic explosives), dimethyl methylphosphonate (used in sarin and soman nerve agent production), and 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (simulant compound for sulfur mustard gas). Gas phase calibration experiments were performed allowing sub-ppb LOD to be established. The results showed excellent linearity versus concentration and rapid membrane response times.

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Analyses of volatile organic compounds from human skin

Cited by 372 publications

References 34 publications

On-line detection of human skin vapors

On-line detection of human skin vapors

Effectiveness of Synthetic Versus Natural Human Volatiles as Attractants for <I>Anopheles gambiae</I> (Diptera: Culicidae) Sensu Stricto

Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometry for Homeland Security and Forensic Applications

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