Analyses of Small Tank Acoustics: Empirical and Theoretical Approaches

Okumura, Tsuyoshi; Akamatsu, Tomonari; Yan, Hong

doi:10.1080/09524622.2002.9753738

Cited by 28 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…The physical parameters of the aquaria were taken into account when positioning the hydrophones and analyzing the fish sounds, as fish sound recordings in captivity are known to be affected by the dimensions of aquaria Okumura et al, 2002;Parvulescu, 1967). The speed of sound in tanks was calculated to be 1547cms -1 following the equation of Medwin (Medwin, 1975).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The speed of sound in tanks was calculated to be 1547cms -1 following the equation of Medwin (Medwin, 1975). This calculated sound velocity was then used to determine the minimum resonant frequency (150 l tank: 2761 Hz, 380 l tank: 2482 Hz) and attenuation distance (20-30 cm) of the sounds in aquaria Okumura et al, 2002). Attenuation distance is the length over which the sound pressure decreases by 20 dB Okumura et al, 2002).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This calculated sound velocity was then used to determine the minimum resonant frequency (150 l tank: 2761 Hz, 380 l tank: 2482 Hz) and attenuation distance (20-30 cm) of the sounds in aquaria Okumura et al, 2002). Attenuation distance is the length over which the sound pressure decreases by 20 dB Okumura et al, 2002). Because of the small aquarium size, the amplitude of upper frequency components of the sounds near the resonant frequency of the tank may be distorted .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Novel vocal repertoire and paired swimbladders of the three-spined toadfish,Batrachomoeus trispinosus: insights into the diversity of the Batrachoididae

Rice

Bass

2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYToadfishes (Teleostei: Batrachoididae) are one of the best-studied groups for understanding vocal communication in fishes. However, sounds have only been recorded from a low proportion of taxa within the family. Here, we used quantitative bioacoustic, morphological and phylogenetic methods to characterize vocal behavior and mechanisms in the three-spined toadfish, Batrachomoeus trispinosus. B. trispinosus produced two types of sound: long-duration 'hoots' and short-duration 'grunts' that were multiharmonic, amplitude and frequency modulated, with a dominant frequency below 1 kHz. Grunts and hoots formed four major classes of calls. Hoots were typically produced in succession as trains, while grunts occurred either singly or as grunt trains. Aside from hoot trains, grunts and grunt trains, a fourth class of calls consisted of single grunts with acoustic beats, apparently not previously reported for individuals from any teleost taxon. Beats typically had a predominant frequency around 2 kHz with a beat frequency around 300 Hz. Vocalizations also exhibited diel and lunar periodicities. Spectrographic crosscorrelation and principal coordinates analysis of hoots from five other toadfish species revealed that B. trispinosus hoots were distinct. Unlike any other reported fish, B. trispinosus had a bilaterally divided swimbladder, forming two separate swimbladders. Phylogenetic analysis suggested B. trispinosus was a relatively basal batrachoidid, and the swimbladder and acoustic beats were independently derived. The swimbladder in B. trispinosus demonstrates that toadfishes have undergone a diversification of peripheral sonic mechanisms, which may be responsible for the concomitant innovations in vocal communication, namely the individual production of acoustic beats as reported in some tetrapods. Supplementary material available online at

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Novel vocal repertoire and paired swimbladders of the three-spined toadfish,Batrachomoeus trispinosus: insights into the diversity of the Batrachoididae

Rice

Bass

2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Background noise and artifacts characteristic of small tanks complicate acoustic recordings (Okumura, Akamatsu & Yan, 2002;Yager, 1992;Parvulescu, 1967). Reflections and reverberations off the tank walls may interfere with parameter measurements when fish are resting on the bottom or against the side.…”

Section: Behavior and Sound Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of estuarine hypoxia on feeding and sound production by two sympatric pipefish species (Syngnathidae)

Ripley

Foran

2007

Marine Environmental Research

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. Influence of estuarine hypoxia on feeding and sound production by two sympatric pipefish species (Syngnathidae). Marine Environmental Research, Elsevier, 2007, 63 (4) ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT2 AbstractThis research utilizes the acoustic behavior of two sympatric pipefish species to assess the impact of hypoxia on feeding. We collected northern, Syngnathus fuscus, and dusky pipefishes, Syngnathus floridae, from the relatively pristine Chincoteague Bay, Virginia, USAand audiovisually recorded behavior in the laboratory of fish held in normoxic (> 5 mg/L O 2 ) and hypoxic (2 and 1 mg/L O 2 ) conditions. Both species produced high frequency (~ 0.9 -1.4 kHz), short duration (3 -22 msec) clicks. Feeding strikes were significantly correlated with both wet weight of ingested food and click production. Thus, sound production serves as an accurate measure of feeding activity. In hypoxic conditions, reduced food intake corresponded with decreased sound production. Significant declines in both behaviors were evident after 1 day and continued as long as hypoxic conditions were maintained. Interspecific differences in sensitivity were detected. Specifically, S. floridae showed a tendency to perform head snaps at the surface.Syngnathus fuscus exhibited a breakdown in the coupling of sound production with food intake in 2 mg/L O 2 with clicks produced in other contexts, particularly choking and food expulsion.Reductions in feeding will ultimately impact growth, health, and eventually reproduction as resources are devoted to survival instead of gamete production and courtship. This work suggests acoustic monitoring of field sites with adverse environmental conditions may reflect changes in feeding behavior in addition to population dispersal.

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“…An opaque 20×25 cm (diameter × height) PVC cylinder was placed in the rear of the tank to provide habitat and ensure the fish were in the same position and orientation during experiments. The small size of the tank reduces the amount of interference of sound pressure waves (Okumura et al, 2002). The tank was placed on a vibration isolation table surrounded by a 1×1×1 m Faraday cage padded with 2 inch (5.08 cm) thick Sonofoam sound absorption material and four LENRD bass traps (Auralex Acoustics, Indianapolis, IN, USA).…”

Section: Recording Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vocal production complexity correlates with neural instructions in the oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau)

Elemans

Mensinger

Rome

2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Sound communication is fundamental to many social interactions and essential to courtship and agonistic behaviours in many vertebrates. The swimbladder and associated muscles in batrachoidid fishes (midshipman and toadfish) is a unique vertebrate sound production system, wherein fundamental frequencies are determined directly by the firing rate of a vocal-acoustic neural network that drives the contraction frequency of superfast swimbladder muscles. The oyster toadfish boatwhistle call starts with an irregular sound waveform that could be an emergent property of the peripheral nonlinear soundproducing system or reflect complex encoding in the central nervous system. Here, we demonstrate that the start of the boatwhistle is indicative of a chaotic strange attractor, and tested whether its origin lies in the peripheral sound-producing system or in the vocal motor network. We recorded sound and swimbladder muscle activity in awake, freely behaving toadfish during motor nerve stimulation, and recorded sound, motor nerve and muscle activity during spontaneous grunts. The results show that rhythmic motor volleys do not cause complex sound signals. However, arrhythmic recruitment of swimbladder muscle during spontaneous grunts correlates with complex sounds. This supports the hypothesis that the irregular start of the boatwhistle is encoded in the vocal pre-motor neural network, and not caused by peripheral interactions with the sound-producing system. We suggest that sound production system demands across vocal tetrapods have selected for muscles and motorneurons adapted for speed, which can execute complex neural instructions into equivalently complex vocalisations.

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Analyses of Small Tank Acoustics: Empirical and Theoretical Approaches

Cited by 28 publications

References 1 publication

Novel vocal repertoire and paired swimbladders of the three-spined toadfish,Batrachomoeus trispinosus: insights into the diversity of the Batrachoididae

Novel vocal repertoire and paired swimbladders of the three-spined toadfish,Batrachomoeus trispinosus: insights into the diversity of the Batrachoididae

Influence of estuarine hypoxia on feeding and sound production by two sympatric pipefish species (Syngnathidae)

Vocal production complexity correlates with neural instructions in the oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau)

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