Analyses of Land Cover Change Trajectories Leading to Tropical Forest Loss: Illustrated for the West Kutai and Mahakam Ulu Districts, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract

In Indonesia, land cover change for agriculture and mining is threatening tropical forests, biodiversity and ecosystem services. However, land cover change is highly dynamic and complex and varies over time and space. In this study, we combined Landsat-based land cover (change) mapping, pixel-to-pixel cross tabulations and expert knowledge to analyze land cover change and forest loss in the West Kutai and Mahakam Ulu districts in East Kalimantan from 1990–2009. We found that about one-third of the study area changed in 1990–2009 and that the different types of land cover changes in the study area increased and involved more diverse and characteristic trajectories in 2000–2009, compared to 1990–2000. Degradation to more open forest types was dominant, and forest was mostly lost due to trajectories that involved deforestation to grasslands and shrubs (~17%), and to a lesser extent due to trajectories from forest to mining and agriculture (11%). Trajectories from forest to small-scale mixed cropland and smallholder rubber occurred more frequently than trajectories to large-scale oil palm or pulpwood plantations; however, the latter increased over time. About 11% of total land cover change involved multiple-step trajectories and thus “intermediate” land cover types. The combined trajectory analysis in this paper thus contributes to a more comprehensive analysis of land cover change and the drivers of forest loss, which is essential to improve future land cover projections and to support spatial planning.

Post Bauxite Mining Land Soil Characteristics and Its Effects on the Growth of Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J. W. Grimes and Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr.

“…Forest land cover has been decreasing due to forest conversion into cropland, oil palm, rubber plantations, and opencast mining, in Indonesia [3]. Bauxite is important for aluminium production, and one of its main producers globally, via opencast mines, is Indonesia.…”

Analysis of High Temporal Resolution Land Use/Land Cover Trajectories

“…For instance, Zaehringer et al [2] used Landsat imagery to assess LUCC for two intervals, 1995-2005 and 2005-2011 in northeastern Madagascar. The most common approaches used to describe the changes are the computing of changes rates (e.g., rate of deforestation), the elaboration of change and Markov matrices, and metrics as persistence, gains, losses, swaps and change density [3][4][5][6]. However, these approaches are based on the comparison of only two dates and are repeated for each period in order to depicts changes in the LUCC patterns over the entire extent of time.…”

A Oferta do serviço ecossistêmico de regulação climática em florestas tropicais: o estado da arte e as implicações da conversão da floresta em campo antrópico

“…Observamos que aproximadamente a metade dos artigos selecionados (58%) trabalha com dados primários e em escala local ALAMGIR et al, 2016a;ALAMGIR et al, 2016b;MENSAH et al, 2016;FONGNZOSSIE et al, 2014;. Em contrapartida, os estudos que utilizaram dados secundários realizaram-no em escala regional, nacional ou global (ALAMGIR et al, 2018;VALLET et al, 2016;RODRIGUEZ;ARMENTERAS;RETANA, 2015;TYUKAVINA et al, 2015), excetuando-se Lee e Lautenbach (2016), cuja revisão incluiu artigos que abrangem todas as escalas. Apesar de o tema central ser o SERCG, as medições mais citadas são a precipitação anual e a altitude.…”

“…Seis estudos, 35,3%, exploram as interações do SERCG com outros SEs (Tabela 3). Parte deles não especifica o marco teórico utilizado para definir os serviços (VALLET et al, 2016;, enquanto os demais empregam classificações diversas: MEA (ALAMGIR et al, 2016a;ALAMGIR et al, 2016b) para padronizar os resultados (HAINES-YOUNG e POTSCHIN, 2017), uma vez que esse trabalho tem o objetivo específico de universalizar as informações sobre serviços, nomeando-os segundo a categorização por classe (T.S.1).…”

“…As florestas tropicais correspondem a 46% das reservas de carbono terrestre em nível mundial, desempenhando um papel fundamental no ciclo global de carbono orgânico, graças a sua complexidade estrutural, alta produtividade primária e diversidade de espécies (SOEPADMO, 1993). Apesar disso, o aumento da demanda por matérias primas como extração de madeira, óleo de palma, borracha e produção de alimentos, entre outros, tem gerado nas últimas décadas uma forte pressão sobre as florestas, em particular, na região tropical (VAN DER LAAN et al, 2018;CARVALHO e DOMINGUES, 2016), com a expectativa de aumento da demanda desses produtos de aproximadamente 50% até o ano de 2050 (GIBBS et al, 2010).…”