Analyses of Global Memory Impairments of Different Etiologies<sup>a</sup>

Corkin, Suzanne; Cohen, Neal J.; Sullivan, Edith V.; Clegg, Rae Ann; Rosen, T. John; Ackerman, Robert H.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb37577.x

Cited by 75 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Environmentally, it is subject to beneficial modification (neurogenesis and synaptogenesis) from engagement in new learning activities (Gould et al, 1999a; and from nondirected physical activity (Kempermann and Gage, 1999;van Praag et al, 1999). The hippocampus is also responsive to negative modification (neuronal and synaptic loss) from toxins, anoxia, disease, trauma, and stress (Corkin et al, 1985;Gould and Tanapat, 1999;Jack, 1997;Jack et al, 1988;Zola-Morgan and Squire, 1992). Heretofore, what has not been established is the degree to which genes and the environment contribute differentially to individual variation in human hippocampal size.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The hippocampus, a relatively small but complex structure embedded deep within the medial temporal lobes, serves as a transient yet essential storage processor used on a temporally limited basis for encoding and consolidating new, declarative memories (Cohen and Eichenbaum, 1993;Corkin et al, 1985;Milner, 1958;Squire and Zola, 1996). Hippocampal pathology, when bilateral, can cause global amnesia, which is the inability to commit new information to memory, and results in deprivation of continued enrichment from life experiences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heritability of hippocampal size in elderly twin men: Equivalent influence from genes and environment

et al. 2001

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Recent studies have established that environmental factors can modify hippocampal structure and enhance function in adult rodents, but the extent to which genes and the environment exert differential contributions to hippocampal structural integrity in humans is unknown. Here, we applied the twin model in a large sample of elderly twin men to examine in late life the balance of environmental and genetic effects on the size of the hippocampus in comparison with other brain structures. This study provides novel evidence that the volume of the hippocampus, as measured on MRI, is subject to substantially less genetic control than are comparison brain regions also measured: temporal horn volume, midsagittal area of the corpus callosum, and intracranial volume (ICV). In particular, about 60% of the temporal horn variance and 80% of the callosal and ICV variance was attributable to genetic influences, whereas only 40% of the hippocampal variance was attributable to genetic influences. These results suggest that environment, whether by itself or in interaction with genes, has the potential of exerting greater and possibly longer control in modifying hippocampal size than other brain regions that are under greater genetic control. Considering the potential of environmental modification of this structure suggested by lower heritability, the hippocampus appears well-suited to support the dynamic processes of encoding and consolidation of new, declarataive memories.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heritability of hippocampal size in elderly twin men: Equivalent influence from genes and environment

et al. 2001

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“…Evidence from lesion based studies demonstrates that damage to the frontal cortex or temporal lobes often results in lasting memory impairment (Scoville and Milner, 1957;Stuss and Benson, 1984;Corkin et al, 1985;Janowsky et al, 1989). Involvement of these areas has since been confirmed by studies performed on normal subjects utilizing functional neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal brain maps of delayed word repetition and recognition

et al. 2005

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Whole-head magnetoencephalography (MEG) was used to spatiotemporally map the brain response underlying episodic retrieval of words studied a single time following a long delay (~40min.) Recognition following a long delay occurs as a strong, sustained, differential response, within bilateral, ventral and lateral prefrontal cortex, anterior temporal and medial parietal regions from 500ms onward, as well as ventral occipitotemporal regions from ~700ms onward. In comparison with previous tasks using multiple repetitions at short delays, these effects were centered within the same areas (anteroventral temporal and ventral prefrontal), but were shifted to longer latencies (~500ms vs. ~200ms), were less left-lateralized, and appear more in anterolateral prefrontal regions and less in lateral temporal cortex. Furthermore, comparison of correctly classified words with misclassified, novel and repeated words, suggests that these frontotemporal-parietocingulate responses are sensitive to actual as well as perceived repetition. The results also suggest that lateral prefrontal regions may participate more in controlled, effortful retrieval while left ventral frontal and anterior temporal responses may support sustained lexicosemantic processing. Additionally, left ventromedial temporal sites may be relatively more involved in episodic retrieval, while lateral temporal sites may participate more in automatic priming.

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“…Medial temporal lobe damage, therefore, appears to leave "procedural" (Squire and Cohen, 1984;Cohen et al, 1985) or "habit" memory intact. By contrast, the performance of these patients on a variety of verbal and spatial cognitive tasks (Scoville and Mimer, 1957;Milner, 1970;Corkin et al, 1985) has indicated profound impairments on what has been termed "declarative" memory (Squire and Zola-Morgan, 1983;Squire and Cohen, 1984).…”

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confidence: 98%

“…The character of medial temporal lobe amnesia has recently been delimited by reports showing that memory for tasks that tap perceptual and motor skills is not impaired, even in the case of H.M., the exemplar for human temporal lobe dysfunction (Milner et al, 1968;Milner, 1970;Cohen et al, 1985;Corkin et al, 1985). Medial temporal lobe damage, therefore, appears to leave "procedural" (Squire and Cohen, 1984;Cohen et al, 1985) or "habit" memory intact.…”

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confidence: 99%

Activation of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus by working-memory: a 2- deoxyglucose study of behaving rhesus monkeys

1988

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The 2-deoxyglucose method was used to examine metabolic activity in the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and amygdala of rhesus monkeys performing working-memory and control tasks. A working-memory group was tested on 1 of 3 tasks requiring trial-by-trial updating of information: delayed spatial response, delayed spatial alternation, or delayed object alternation. A control group was tested either on an associative memory problem, visual pattern discrimination, or a sensory-motor task that did not have an explicit mnemonic component. Local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) in specific layers of the dentate gyrus and the CA1 and CA3 sectors of the hippocampus, as well as in 7 distinct nuclei of the amygdala, was measured and compared across groups. Metabolic rate in specific layers of the dentate gyrus and the CA3 and CA1 fields of the hippocampus was enhanced in the working-memory compared with the control group: LCGU was between 18 and 24% higher in the granule cell and molecular layers of the dentate gyrus and in the molecular and radiatum layers of CA1 and CA3 in the hippocampus. In contrast, no significant group differences in LCGU were found for any of the 7 amygdaloid nuclei examined: the lateral, lateral basal, medial basal, accessory basal, cortical, central, and medial nuclei. These results are consistent with previous evidence showing that lesions of the hippocampus affect memory selectively, producing deficits on some memory problems while sparing others. Our findings further suggest that working-memory may be a common denominator among those tasks that are sensitive to hippocampal damage in monkeys. The contribution of the amygdala to performance on memory tasks, on the other hand, appears to be independent of the specific type of memory process that is engaged.

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Analyses of Global Memory Impairments of Different Etiologies^a

Cited by 75 publications

References 49 publications

Heritability of hippocampal size in elderly twin men: Equivalent influence from genes and environment

Heritability of hippocampal size in elderly twin men: Equivalent influence from genes and environment

Spatiotemporal brain maps of delayed word repetition and recognition

Activation of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus by working-memory: a 2- deoxyglucose study of behaving rhesus monkeys

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Analyses of Global Memory Impairments of Different Etiologiesa

Cited by 75 publications

References 49 publications

Heritability of hippocampal size in elderly twin men: Equivalent influence from genes and environment

Heritability of hippocampal size in elderly twin men: Equivalent influence from genes and environment

Spatiotemporal brain maps of delayed word repetition and recognition

Activation of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus by working-memory: a 2- deoxyglucose study of behaving rhesus monkeys

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Analyses of Global Memory Impairments of Different Etiologies^a