Analyses of anaesthesia with ketamine combined with different sedatives in rats

Molina, Aurélio; Moyano, M. R.; Serrano-Rodríguez, Juan Manuel; Ayala, N.; Lora, Á.; Serrano-Caballero, J.M.

doi:10.17221/8384-vetmed

Cited by 28 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Twenty 8-week-old adult male Wistar rats (weight range: 180-220 grams) were obtained from the Institute of Biotechnology (Isfahan, Iran). For the induction of varicocele, rats were anaesthetised by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (75 mg/kg) combined with xylazine (2.5 mg/kg) according to Molina et al [ 24 ], and VCL was induced as originally described by Ko et al [ 25 ] and Afiyani et al [ 26 ]. Briefly, a median incision of 2 cm was made and the diameter of the left renal vein was reduced to 1 mm; ligation of the left renal vein was performed midline at the junction of the adrenal and spermatic veins.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (ER Stress) and Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) Occur in a Rat Varicocele Testis Model

Hosseini

Shaygannia

Rahmani

et al. 2020

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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Using a surgically induced varicocele rat model, we show here strong evidence that the misfolded/unfolded protein response that is part of the stress response of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is activated in the varicocele testis (VCL), leading to the induction of apoptosis. To support this hypothesis, it is observed that the spliced variant of the X-box protein 1 (XBP1s), resulting from the activation of the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) membrane sensor, is significantly more represented in VCL testicular extracts. The activation of the IRE1/XBP1s pathway is also supported by the observation that the VCL testes show an increase phosphorylation of the c-Jun-kinase (JNK) known to be one intermediate of this pathway and an increased level of caspase-3, the terminal apoptotic effector, partly explaining the apoptotic status of the VCL testis.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (ER Stress) and Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) Occur in a Rat Varicocele Testis Model

Hosseini

Shaygannia

Rahmani

et al. 2020

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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“…General anesthesia was provided via intraperitoneal injection of a ketamine/xylazine mixture (75/2.5 mg/kg, respectively) [18]. Anesthetized animals were secured in a sterile operating theatre in a supine position.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Effects of Testosterone Hormone Therapy in Normal and Orchiectomized Male Rats: From Indirect Calorimetry to Lipolytic Enzymes

Abulmeaty

Almajwal

Elsadek

et al. 2019

International Journal of Endocrinology

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Background and Aim Changes in total energy expenditure (TEE) and substrate metabolism may help explain the metabolic actions of testosterone (T). This study measured respiratory quotient (RQ), TEE, ghrelin, insulin, and key lipolysis enzyme concentrations in relation to body weight (wt) and food intake (FI) in both normal and bilaterally orchiectomized rats with/without T treatment. Methods In total, thirty-two male Wistar rats (300–400 g) were divided into four groups (n = 8/group), including (a) sham-operated and vehicle-injected group (Sham), (b) T-treated sham group (T-Sham) for which sham-operated rats were injected with IM testosterone undecanoate (100 mg/kg, for one week), (c) orchiectomy and vehicle-injected group (Orch), and (d) T-replaced orchiectomy group (T-Orch). After one week, FI and wt were automatically recorded, indirect calorimetry parameters were measured, and blood samples were collected to measure T, ghrelin, insulin, growth hormone (GH), glucose, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), adipocyte triglyceride lipase (ATGL), free fatty acids (FFA), and lipid profiles. Results Orchiectomy decreased ghrelin, GH, and insulin levels, increased TEE and RQ, and lowered FI and wt. The T-Orch group exhibited increased levels of ghrelin (3-fold), insulin, GH, blood levels of lipolysis products, TEE, and FI in addition to reduced glucose levels (P < 0.05). This group demonstrated no significant changes in wt. In the T-Sham group, T increased ghrelin and insulin levels (P < 0.05) with strong positive correlations (r = 0.663 and 0.644, respectively, P < 0.05), increased ATGL levels, RQ toward carbohydrate utilization ranges, and TEE, and reduced HSL levels (P < 0.05) with insignificant changes in FI or wt. Conclusions T administration in orchiectomized rats significantly increased orexigenic mediators such as ghrelin and insulin without inducing any significant changes in wt. The mechanism for this finding might be the increased TEE and the stimulation of lipolysis through the ATGL enzyme. The associated rise of GH might help in interference with accumulation of lipid in adipose tissue. Apart from the effect on GH, T-Sham showed similar effects of T supplementation.

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“…35 Another study in rats evaluated various anesthetic combinations with ketamine (75 mg/kg), including acepromazine (2.5 mg/kg), diazepam (5 mg/kg), medetomidine (0.5 mg/ kg), midazolam (5 mg/kg), and xylazine (2.5 mg/kg). 25 In that study, α2 agonists with ketamine achieved the most stable and regular parameters in rats; however, there were significant differences between sexes. 25 A study in mice compared the effects of dexmedetomidine (0.5 mg/kg) and medetomidine (1 mg/kg) with ketamine (75 mg/kg) given intraperitoneally or subcutaneously.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…25 In that study, α2 agonists with ketamine achieved the most stable and regular parameters in rats; however, there were significant differences between sexes. 25 A study in mice compared the effects of dexmedetomidine (0.5 mg/kg) and medetomidine (1 mg/kg) with ketamine (75 mg/kg) given intraperitoneally or subcutaneously. 6 Although loss of the righting reflex was noted, these protocols did not abolish pedal withdrawal reflexes in mice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Female prairie dogs might be included in future studies to determine the presence of any sex-associated differences, as demonstrated in rats. 25 We did not monitor food intake or fecal output after anesthetic protocols in our animals. In chinchillas, fecal output and food intake were reduced for 3 d after anesthesia in animals that received dexmedetomidineketamine but not isoflurane.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of Dexmedetomidine–Ketamine–Midazolam and Isoflurane for Anesthesia of Black-tailed Prairie Dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus)

Browning

Eshar²,

Beaufrère

2019

j am assoc lab anim sci

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Few studies evaluate anesthesia in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Isoflurane inhalant anesthesia is used in this species most commonly, but injectable protocols are poorly described. Here we compared the physiologic effects, including anesthetic depth, vital signs, and hematologic changes, of anesthetic protocols using isoflurane or a combination of dexmedetomidine, ketamine, and midazolam in black-tailed prairie dogs. In a randomized, complete crossover study design, intact male black-tailed prairie dogs (n = 9; age, 6 mo) were anesthetized by using a combination of dexmedetomidine (0.25 mg/kg IM), ketamine (40 mg/kg IM), and midazolam (1.5 mg/kg IM). For reversal, atipamezole (0.15 mg/kg) and flumazenil (0.05 mg/kg) were administered 45 min after induction. For comparison, isoflurane was administered at 5% in 100% oxygen at 5 L/min in an anesthetic induction chamber, followed by maintenance isoflurane 2% in 2 L/min oxygen through a tightfitting facemask for 45 min. Induction and recovery time, respiratory rate, heart rate, body temperature, SpO 2 , indirect blood pressure, and reflexes were monitored every 5 min during the anesthetic period. Blood samples for venous blood gases, PCV, and refractometric total protein were obtained from the cranial vena cava at 5 min and 45 min. Both protocols appeared to achieve safe and effective anesthesia. Except for blood pressure, all vital signs differed between the 2 treatments. Isoflurane anesthesia resulted in a slightly longer induction and lower respiratory rate and body temperature but increased likelihood of absent reflexes. DKM anesthesia resulted in a faster induction and less hypothermia but also prolonged recovery and lower heart rate and SpO 2 readings. These findings suggest that isoflurane provides a more stable and consistent anesthetic plane, whereas dexmedetomidine-ketamine-midazolam anesthesia may be an effective alternative for short procedures that require fast induction and limited analgesia.

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Analyses of anaesthesia with ketamine combined with different sedatives in rats

Cited by 28 publications

References 15 publications

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (ER Stress) and Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) Occur in a Rat Varicocele Testis Model

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (ER Stress) and Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) Occur in a Rat Varicocele Testis Model

Metabolic Effects of Testosterone Hormone Therapy in Normal and Orchiectomized Male Rats: From Indirect Calorimetry to Lipolytic Enzymes

Comparison of Dexmedetomidine–Ketamine–Midazolam and Isoflurane for Anesthesia of Black-tailed Prairie Dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus)

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