Analogue benchmarks of shortening and extension experiments

Schreurs, Guido; Buiter, Susanne; Boutelier, David; Corti, Giacomo; Costa, E.; Cruden, Alexander; Daniel, Jean Marc; Hoth, S.; Koyi, Hemin; Kukowski, Nina; Lohrmann, J.; Ravaglia, Antonio; Schlische, Roy W.; Withjack, Martha Oliver; Yamada, Yasuhiro; Cavozzi, Cristian; Ventisette, Chiara Del; Brady, Jennifer A.; Hoffmann‐Rothe, A.; Mengus, Jean Marie; Montanari, Domenico; Nilforoushan, F.

doi:10.1144/gsl.sp.2006.253.01.01

Cited by 92 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…In the analogue comparison, every laboratory used its own granular materials, which typically differ in frictional properties and density (see Schreurs et al (2006) and Table 1). In the numerical experiments fixed values are used to allow the comparison of the numerical results to each other (Table 1).…”

Section: Materials Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cohesion values of the analogue materials were determined using different measuring apparatus (see Schreurs et al 2006) and show a large variation. Cohesion is obtained by extrapolation of the shear stress versus normal stress curve and is, therefore, likely to be an overestimate at low stress values where the stress curve is no longer a straight line, but has a convex-outward shape (Ranalli 1987;Schellart 2000).…”

Section: Materials Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study highlights the importance of (1) a careful determination of properties of the granular material and (2) the effect of lateral side boundaries on resulting structures due to friction between model materials and sidewalls. A sandbox needs to be wide enough, therefore, to avoid such boundary effects, and structures should if possible be studied in sections well away from the sidewalls.We present numerical equivalents of the two analogue experiments of Schreurs et al (2006). The conditions of the analogue modelling apparatus and the analogue material properties are approached as closely as possible.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We present numerical equivalents of the two analogue experiments of Schreurs et al (2006). The conditions of the analogue modelling apparatus and the analogue material properties are approached as closely as possible.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The numerical sandbox: comparison of model results for a shortening and an extension experiment

Buiter

Babeyko

Ellis

et al. 2006

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Abstract:We report results of a study comparing numerical models of sandbox-type experiments. Two experimental designs were examined: (1) A brittle shortening experiment in which a thrust wedge is built in material of alternating frictional strength; and (2) an extension experiment in which a weak, basal viscous layer affects normal fault localization and propagation in overlying brittle materials. Eight different numerical codes, both commercial and academic, were tested against each other. Our results show that: (1) The overall evolution of all numerical codes is broadly similar. (2) Shortening is accommodated by in-sequence forward propagation of thrusts. The surface slope of the thrust wedge is within the stable field predicted by critical taper theory. (3) Details of thrust spacing, dip angle and number of thrusts vary between different codes for the shortening experiment. (4) Shear zones initiate at the velocity discontinuity in the extension experiment. The asymmetric evolution of the models is similar for all numerical codes. (5) Resolution affects strain localization and the number of shear zones that develop in strain-softening brittle material. (6) The variability between numerical codes is greater for the shortening than the extension experiment.Comparison to equivalent analogue experiments shows that the overall dynamic evolution of the numerical and analogue models is similar, in spite of the difficulty of achieving an exact representation of the analogue conditions with a numerical model. We find that the degree of variability between individual numerical results is about the same as between individual analogue models. Differences among and between numerical and analogue results are found in predictions of location, spacing and dip angle of shear zones. Our results show that numerical models using different solution techniques can to first order successfully reproduce structures observed in analogue sandbox experiments. The comparisons serve to highlight robust features in tectonic modelling of thrust wedges and brittle-viscous extension.Numerical and analogue modelling methods represent two different techniques with which the evolution of geological structures, such as fold-and-thrust belts and sedimentary basins, can be investigated. The underlying assumption with both methods is that their results approximate the development of structures in the real Earth in a reasonable manner. We may then expect that the results of analogue and numerical models look similar when applied to the same (2) to test the similarity of numerical and analogue models, in order to help establish robust features of tectonic models on the scale of the upper crust.The companion paper (Schreurs et al. 2006) presents the results of an analogue comparison study with ten participating modelling laboratories. Two experimental set-ups were tested: (1) a brittle convergent thrust wedge experiment and (2) a brittle-viscous extension experiment. The reproducibility of modelling results between the laboratories was found to be fai...

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Section: Materials Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Materials Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The numerical sandbox: comparison of model results for a shortening and an extension experiment

Buiter

Babeyko

Ellis

et al. 2006

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136

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“…This sand has been used as a standard for the BENCHMARK project (Schreurs et al, 2006), and its properties are well known. It has a packing density of 1324 kg m − ³.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of salt in dilatant faults on rates and magnitudes of induced seismicity – first results building on the geological setting of the Groningen Rotliegend reservoirs

Kettermann

Abe

Raith

et al. 2017

Netherlands Journal of Geosciences

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The presence of salt in dilatant normal faults may have a strong influence on fault mechanics in the Groningen field and on the related induced seismicity. At present, little is known of the structure of these fault zones. This study starts with the geological evolution of the Groningen area, where, during tectonic faulting, rock salt may have migrated downwards into dilatant faults. These fault zones therefore may contain inclusions of rock salt. Because of its rate-dependent mechanical properties, the presence of salt in a fault may introduce a loading-rate dependency into fault movement and affect the distribution of magnitudes of seismic events. We present a first-look study showing how these processes can be investigated using a combination of analogue and numerical modelling. Full scaling of the models and quantification of implications for induced seismicity in Groningen require further, more detailed studies: an understanding of fault zone structure in the Groningen field is required for improved predictions of induced seismicity. The analogue experiments are based on a simplified stratigraphy of the Groningen area, where it is generally thought that most of the Rotliegend faulting has taken place in the Jurassic, after deposition of the Zechstein. This suggests that, at the time of faulting, the sulphates were already transformed into brittle anhydrite. If these layers were sufficiently brittle to fault in a dilatant fashion, rock salt was able to flow downwards into the dilatant fractures. To test this hypothesis, we use sandbox experiments where we combine cohesive powder as analogue for brittle anhydrites and carbonates with viscous salt analogues to explore the developing fault geometry and the resulting distribution of salt in the faults. Using the observations from analogue models as input, numerical models investigate the stick-slip behaviour of fault zones containing ductile material qualitatively with the discrete element method (DEM). Results show that the DEM approach is suitable for modelling the seismicity of faults containing salt. The stick-slip motion of the fault becomes dependent on shear loading rate with a modification of the frequency-magnitude distribution of the generated seismic events.

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Directional flank spreading at Mount Cameroon volcano: Evidence from analogue modeling

et al. 2014

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Mount Cameroon is characterized by an elongated summit plateau, steep flanks, and topographic terraces around its base. Although some of these features can be accounted for by intrusion-induced deformation, we here focus on the contribution of edifice-scale gravitational spreading in the structure of Mount Cameroon. We review the existing geological and geophysical data and morphostructural features of Mount Cameroon and surrounding sedimentary basins. Volcanic ridge gravitational spreading is then simulated by scaled analogue models on which fault formation is recorded using digital image correlation. Three sets of models are presented (i) models recorded in cross section (Type I), (ii) models recorded from above with a uniform (Type IIa), and (iii) nonuniform ductile layer (Type IIb). Type I models illustrate the formation of faults accommodating summit subsidence and lower flank spreading. Type IIa models favor displacement perpendicular to the long axis, with formation of a summit graben and basal folds, but fail to reproduce the steep flanks. Type IIb models investigate the effect of spatial variations in sediment thickness and/or properties consistent with geological evidence. Directional spreading of the volcano's central part perpendicular to the long axis is accounted for by a sediment layer with restricted lateral extent and increasing thickness away from the volcano axis. The later model closely reproduces key features observed at Mount Cameroon: steep upper flanks are accounted for by enhanced lateral spreading of the lower flanks relative to the summit. The relevance of these findings for understanding flank instabilities at large oceanic volcanoes is finally highlighted.

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Analogue benchmarks of shortening and extension experiments

Cited by 92 publications

References 46 publications

The numerical sandbox: comparison of model results for a shortening and an extension experiment

The numerical sandbox: comparison of model results for a shortening and an extension experiment

The effect of salt in dilatant faults on rates and magnitudes of induced seismicity – first results building on the geological setting of the Groningen Rotliegend reservoirs

Directional flank spreading at Mount Cameroon volcano: Evidence from analogue modeling

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