Analogous foliar uptake and leaf-to-root translocation of micelle nanoparticles in two dicot plants of diverse families

Critical Review: Uptake and Translocation of Organic Nanodelivery Vehicles in Plants

“…64 3 days after exposure, 11 nm surfactant-stabilized lecithin nano micelles with a negative surface charge (−20 mV) were imaged using confocal microscopy on the epidermis and in the spongy mesophyll of two dicot plants, coriander and fenugreek. 90 Anionic (−30 mV) PAA-b-P(MSEA-co-MTEA) star polymers measuring 20 nm were found in the mesophyll of tomato (dicot) leaves, but not on the epidermis, 24 h after exposure using hyperspectral imaging. 63 Photosystem II (PSII) inhibition induced by the negatively charged (−34 mV) 300 nm atrazine-loaded polysorbate80-stabilized PCL nanocarriers was measured on the exposed leaf of another dicot plant, mustard.…”

“…12 While visualization of NDVs on the leaf surface or on or near stomata may indicate preference for cuticular or stomatal uptake, evidence for one form of uptake does not preclude the other. 90 Still, specific experiments can be devised to establish more definitively the effect of stomata on organic NDV foliar uptake. Transfection rate of the cationic self-assembled PBI221 plasmid DNA conjugated to the KH9-BP100 cell penetrating peptide carrier (100 nm, ∼20 mV) was significantly higher in wild-type or transgenic high stomatal density A. thaliana than in a transgenic low stomatal density mutant 31 (Figure 3b).…”

“…56 Showing the association of the fluorophore with the NDV is necessary to demonstrate NDV colocalization with the fluorophore, which is what is being tracked. The fluorescent probe can be covalently bond to the NDV, 18 but in the case where the two are not chemically bonded, leakage tests 90 that check for dye release from the NDV when dialyzed or incubated against a medium that simulates plant fluids is essential. Checking for extensive cell staining during microscopy 56 is a good practice as well, since simulated plant fluids are not as complex as actual plant fluids.…”

“…45 For organic NDVs, however, biotransformation has not been studied systematically. Studies that consider biotransformation at all mainly do so in the context of whether NDV aggregation in hydroponic 26,85 or incubation medium, 68 within root 74 and leaf tissue, 90 or release of fluorescent probe encapsulated within NDV once internalized by cells 56 has occurred. While NDV destabilization via osmotic (salt), acid, and mineral interactions 56,90,85,26 or enzyme activity 56 are proposed as possible causes, no specific methods are followed to characterize the transformed NDV.…”

“…Enhanced gene expression over free pBI221 was demonstrated 31. stomatal uptake due to association of nano micelles with guard cells 90.…”