Analogies of genetic and chemical code

Abstract

Abstract. Starting from the previously established hypothesis on the existence of "the coherence of the chemical and genetic code" (Rakočević, 1991), new facts and new insights on the existence of essential analogies between the genetic and chemical code are presented, whereby the chemical code is derived from the original Mendeleev's work on the periodic system of chemical elements. When, namely, the 14 lanthanides are scheduled into 14 groups of Periodic system of chemical elements (PSE) (Rakočević, 1991), in accordance to Mendeleev's original manuscript tables, then are revealed some very specific mathematical and chemical regularities within the PSE; among others, PSE appears to be a code -the chemical code -in an entity analogy with the terrestrial genetic code. These regularities correspond to the mathematical regularities within the genetic code. Between others relations, it appears also a correspondance between the distribution of codons in the Genetic Code Table and the distribution of chemical elements in the PSE with respect to their even/odd parity and stability/instability of the isotopes. Based on the significant mathematical expressions it is showed a new essence of coding formalism in natural code as such: it cannot be reduced only to two alphabets (which are consequences, and not the cause); a natural code is such an essence that can be represented by an appropriate mathematical expression, which contains a sequence from the series of natural numbers within itself. From this follows that both are natural codes, the Genetic code as well as the Periodic system of chemical elements (PSE).

Genetic code as an image of the mirror image. Part I

“…In the previous three papers we have presented the cipher of the genetic code, the analogies of the genetic and chemical code, and protein amino acids as a complete (periodic) system, with the preliminary idea on the genetic code as an image of the mirror image (Rakočević, 2018a(Rakočević, , 2018b). 1 In this paper, however, we provide additional argumentation that all this is indeed the case, as well as the answer to the question under what circumstances and conditions is this so.…”

“…Remark 1. In this as in the previous three papers (Rakočević, 2018a(Rakočević, , 2018b under mirroring the binary sequences we mean the comparison of binary sequences in terms of complementarity. Given that in this comparison, some sequences appear as objects and their images in the mirror, and in accordance with the "if any, then all" principle, we conditionally undestand that mirror symmetry applies to all binary sequences.…”

Semiotic nature of Genetic code

“…2 However, the very title of the book suggests that it is about semiotics, i.e. about semiology; also in relation to the chemical code, as I looked at PSE already in older works (MMR, 1990(MMR, , 1991, and in newer ones (MMR, 2018a and2018b); language, as natural human spoken language. [A minimal excerpt from that book (translated from Serbian), is here in Box 1.…”

Protein amino acids as a complete (periodic) system

“…On the determination of the protein amino acid system (as constituents of the genetic code), also with the golden mean and the Fibonacci series, see in: (Rakočević, 1998b;2011bRumer, 1966) 4 ; in Gray code model of GC (Swanson, 1984) and GC binary tree (Rakočević, 1998b)]. In the argumentation of the working hypothesis, we consider that the coexistence of GC with Boolean spaces (Swanson, 1984;Rakočević, 1994Rakočević, , 1997bRakočević, , 1998b 5 , analogy with quantum physics (Shcherbak, 1994(Shcherbak, , 2008, 6 analogy of genetic and chemical code (Rakočević, 2018b) and the existence of "arithmetic inside the universal genetic code" (Shcherbak, 2003) are established facts.…”