“…The most widely-used type of constraints are the variations of symmetry constraint [1-4, 6-8, 14-20, 23-26, 28-41], which enforce certain cells to be placed symmetrically. Similar constraints on enforcing the placed locations of matched cells include commoncentroid [19,33,38], regularity [7,26,39], proximity [6,18,25,[33][34][35]41] and etc. Constraints such as monotonic current flow [28,31,36] and thermal effects [19,20] have also been studied to ensure circuit performance.…”