Análisis de las motivaciones, factores de éxito y obstáculos al espíritu empresarial: estudio comparativo entre México, EEUU y Turquía

Abstract

Abstract. The present investigation, it has the purpose of announcing a comparative study worldwide between the countries of Mexico, the USA and Turkey, which intention is to discover of that it forms the businessmen, in similar situations they have been studied especially in the following three aspects: Factors Motivational, Factors of Success and the Barriers that the businessmen face in his companies. A businessman /entrepreneur, is a person who lives a process of continuous innovations. Right at the moment it stops making them it’s not an entrepreneur anymore, even if he continues as a businessman. Under this context and following Pereira (2003), the spirit of the businessman/entrepreneur is focused in the individual including its psychological, cultural and economical dimensions, more than in itspreponderant activity. Looking for the factors that explain the variations of the entrepreneur phenomenon, the first studies are focused in the personal characteristics that differentiate the entrepreneurs from the ones that are not. But thanks to the diversity and complexity of the entrepreneur reality, the results are not very productive. Gartner (1985) explains that thecomplexity and variety of entrepreneurs make impossible to achieve characterize an average entrepreneur and by this the construction of a common theorical base to this subject (Bygrave, 1989). Answering this situation, Bygrave and Hofer (1991) Proposed the delimitation of the field of knowledge of entrepreneur spirit being amplified and besides of the study of personal characteristics and functional of the entrepreneur including the study of theentrepreneur process and its characteristics. These authors proposed to considerate the entrepreneur process as functions, activities and actions associated with the perception of opportunity and the creations of the organization to take advantage of. As beginning point, Gartner (1985) proposed to considerate the essential elements of the entrepreneur study: a) the environment b) the characteristics of the individual, c) the process and d) the Organizationcreated.Keywords: analysis of motivations, business spirit, entrepreneur, factors of success, obstacles, small and medium enterprisesResumen. La investigación, tiene la finalidad de conocer un estudio comparativo a nivel internacional entre países México, EEUU y Turquía, cuyo propósito es descubrir como los empresarios, en situaciones similares han sido estudiados en los siguientes tres aspectos: Factores Motivacionales, Factores de Éxito y las Barreras que enfrentan los empresarios. Un empresario/emprendedor, es una persona que vive un proceso de innovaciones continuas. En el momento en que deja de realizarlas deja de ser emprendedor, aunque siga siendoempresario. Bajo este contexto y siguiendo a Pereira (2003), el espíritu delempresario/emprendedor está centrado en el individuo incluyendo sus dimensiones psicológicas, culturales y económicas, más que en su actividad preponderante. En la búsqueda de los factores que explican las variaciones del fenómeno emprendedor, los primeros estudios se centraron en las características personales que diferenciaban los emprendedores de los que no son. Dada la diversidad y complejidad de la realidad emprendedora, los resultados no fueron productivos. Gartner (1985) plantea que lacomplejidad y variedad de los emprendedores hizo imposible lograr caracterizar un emprendedor promedio y por ende la construcción de una base teórica común a este tema (Bygrave, 1989). En respuesta a esta situación, Bygrave y Hofer (1991) proponen que la delimitación del campo de conocimiento del espíritu emprendedor se amplíe y que además del estudio de las características personales y las funcionales del emprendedor incluya el estudio del proceso emprendedor y sus características. Estos autores consideran el procesoemprendedor como conjunto de funciones, actividades y acciones asociadas con la percepción de oportunidad y la creación de la organización para explotarla. Gartner (1985) propone considerar como elementos esenciales: a) el entorno, b) las características del individuo, c) el proceso, y d) la organización creada. Palabras clave: barreras, emprendedurismo, factores motivacionales, factores de éxito,PyMES

Influence of the socio-economic environment on the entrepreneurs behavior. Cases of cuba and ecuador

“…Instead, the investigation of Partida-Puente et al 39 delves into very specific personal qualities such as the degree of presence of personal values such as: honesty and personal reputation. Variables that showed coincidence in their behavior in environments as different as: USA, Mexico and Turkey.…”

“…In the investigation of Partida-Puente et al 39 address, as the main motivator of entrepreneurship and in turn expressions of entrepreneurial needs, the level of income, observing important differences between the three environments analyzed (Mexico, Turkey and USA), and how additional variable: intention to be your own boss. This variable was also considered by Quevedo-Monjarás et al, 12 showing differences between the two environments approached by the researchers.…”

“…37,38 Research that focuses on the comparative study of variables related to entrepreneurs considering different socioeconomic contexts generally repeats the analysis of these variables. [8][9][10][11][12][13]39 However, it is the researchers' criterion to incorporate into the analysis of these comparative studies variables that are considered an expression of the degree of need that encourages entrepreneurs to assume the risk and effort involved in undertaking. Among these variables are: Number of people dependent on the entrepreneur, age at which the work activity begins, destinations of short-term personal expenses, destinations of long-term expenses; In addition, the use of the time available for work is considered.…”