Analgesic Responses to I.V. Lignocaine

Boas, Robert A.; Covino, Benjamín G.; Shahnarian, Albert

doi:10.1097/00132586-198304000-00020

Cited by 40 publications

(50 citation statements)

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“…topically. Administration systemically has, on the other hand, been found inadequate for blocking peripheral nociceptive pathways in higher vertebrates (mice, rat, cat and man; Boas et al 1982;Haegerstam 1979;Rigon and Takahashi 1996;Wiesenfeld-Hallin and Lindblom 1985;Woolf and Wiesenfeld-Hallin 1985). Haegerstam (1979) concluded that it was unlikely that peripheral pain pathways could be blocked by systemic i.v.…”

Section: Nociception In Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaesthesia of farmed fish: implications for welfare

Zahl

Samuelsen

Kiessling

2011

Fish Physiol Biochem

263

188

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During their life cycle as farmed animals, there are several situations in which fish are subjected to handling and confinement. Netting, weighing, sorting, vaccination, transport and, at the end, slaughter are frequent events under farming conditions. As research subjects, fish may also undergo surgical procedures that range from tagging, sampling and small incisions to invasive procedures. In these situations, treatment with anaesthetic agents may be necessary in order to ensure the welfare of the fish. The main objective of this paper is to review our knowledge of the effects of anaesthetic agents in farmed fish and their possible implications for welfare. As wide variations in response to anaesthesia have been observed both between and within species, special attention has been paid to the importance of secondary factors such as body weight, water temperature and acute stress. In this review, we have limited ourselves to the anaesthetic agents such as benzocaine, metacaine (MS-222), metomidate hydrochloride, isoeugenol, 2-phenoxyethanol and quinaldine. Anaesthetic protocols of fish usually refer to one single agent, whereas protocols of human and veterinary medicine cover combinations of several drugs, each contributing to the effects needed in the anaesthesia. As stress prior to anaesthesia may result in abnormal reactions, pre-anaesthetic sedation is regularly used in order to reduce or avoid stress and is an integral part of the veterinary protocols of higher vertebrates. Furthermore, the anaesthetic agents that are used in order to obtain general anaesthesia are combined with analgesic agents that target nociception. The increased use of such combinations in fish is therefore included as a special section. Anaesthetic agents are widely used to avoid stress during various farming procedures. While several studies report that anaesthetics are effective in reducing the stress associated with confinement and handling, there are indications that anaesthesia may in itself induce a stress response, measured by elevated levels of cortisol. MS-222 has been reported to elicit high cortisol release rates immediately following exposure, while benzocaine causes a bimodal response. Metomidate has an inhibitory effect on cortisol in fish and seems to induce the lowest release of cortisol of the agents reported in the literature. Compared to what is observed following severe stressors such as handling and confinement, the amount of cortisol released in response to anaesthesia appears to be low but may represent an extra load under otherwise stressful circumstances. Furthermore, anaesthetics may cause secondary adverse reactions such as acidosis and osmotic stress due to respiratory arrest and insufficient exchange of gas and ions between the blood and the water. All in all, anaesthetics may reduce stress and thereby improve welfare but can also have unwanted side effects that reduce the welfare of the fish and should therefore always be used with caution. Finally, on the basis of the data reported in the literature and o...

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Section: Nociception In Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaesthesia of farmed fish: implications for welfare

Zahl

Samuelsen

Kiessling

2011

Fish Physiol Biochem

263

188

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“…The response was compared with that of ischemic pain. Disorders manifesting as deafferentation or central neuralgias appeared in that study to be affected favorably by lidocaine IV whereas pain of peripheral origin remained unaffected [74]. The lack of an oral agent and the need for ECG monitoring during the infusion along with its associated adverse effects render intravenous lidocaine an unpopular treatment choice.…”

Section: Lidocaine and Mexiletinementioning

confidence: 84%

“…Intravenous lidocaine has been shown to be beneficial in the relief of neuropathic pain in a few studies [73,74]. In a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study of patients with painful diabetic neuropathy of more than 6 months duration, intravenous lidocaine was shown to have a significant beneficial effect 1 and 8 days after infusion compared with after saline infusion (P Ͻ 0.05 and P Ͻ 0.02, respectively) [73].…”

Section: Lidocaine and Mexiletinementioning

confidence: 99%

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Painful Diabetic Neuropathy

Daousi

Nurmikko

2010

Evidence‐Based Chronic Pain Management

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“…The IC 50 for lidocaine's inhibition of sodium current in an unstimulated peripheral nerve is ≥200 μM (Hille 1977;Chernoff and Strichartz 1990;Docherty and Farrag 2006). However, when administered systemically, lidocaine is reported to produce substantial relief of neuropathic pain in humans (Boas et al 1982;Brose and Cousins 1991;Rowbotham et al 1991;Galer et al 1996) and profound reversal of tactile allodynia in rats (Abram and Yaksh 1994;Chaplan et al 1995;Sinnott et al 1999) at plasma concentrations ≤2 μg/ml (≤8.5 μM), i.e., over 24-fold less than the in vitro IC 50 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The antipsychotic drug, fluphenazine, effectively reverses mechanical allodynia in rat models of neuropathic pain

Dong¹,

Jia²,

Lu³

et al. 2007

Psychopharmacology

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The inhibitory action of fluphenazine on ectopic afferent discharges may be due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels, and this may also provide a mechanistic basis for the drug's antiallodynic effect in animal models of neuropathic pain. In summary, our study demonstrates that the classic antipsychotic drug fluphenazine has antiallodynic properties in multiple rodent models of nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain.

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Analgesic Responses to I.V. Lignocaine

Cited by 40 publications

References 0 publications

Anaesthesia of farmed fish: implications for welfare

Anaesthesia of farmed fish: implications for welfare

Painful Diabetic Neuropathy

The antipsychotic drug, fluphenazine, effectively reverses mechanical allodynia in rat models of neuropathic pain

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