Analgesic efficacy of butorphanol and morphine in bearded dragons and corn snakes

Abstract

Compared with doses used in most mammalian species, high doses of morphine (but not butorphanol) induced analgesia in bearded dragons, whereas high doses of butorphanol (but not morphine) induced analgesia in corn snakes.

Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Assessments of Tapentadol in Yellow-Bellied Slider Turtles (Trachemys Scripta Scripta) after a Single Intramuscular Injection

“…The TWL evaluated by Hargreaves's device has proven to be reproducible measure of complex nociceptive behaviour in rodents 29 as well as other veterinary species 30,31 and has been extensively used for pain assessment in reptiles. [8][9][10][11]28 However, acute thermal (anti-) nociception may be different from acute surgical (anti-) nociception and longer-lasting pain (e.g. postoperative pain).…”

“…Immediately prior to each blood collection, analgesia experiments were conducted by applying infrared thermal stimuli to the plantar surface of the turtles' hind limbs with a plantar antinociception device (Hargreaves's instrument, model 37370, Ugo Basile) according to previously described methods 8,9,16 with slight modifications. Turtles were gently dried using a smooth cloth and individually placed into clear, plastic boxes (300, 200, 150 mm, width, length, height, respectively, with a 1 mm thickness) on a clear acrylic surface.…”

“…Butorphanol does not change thermal withdrawal latencies (TWL) in red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) 8 and bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) 9 or thermal thresholds in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). 10 Buprenorphine did not alter responses to a noxious electrical stimulus administered to green iguanas 11 and did not provide an analgesic effect in red-eared slider exposed to a noxious thermal stimulus.…”

“…12 Morphine increased TWL in red-eared slider 8 and bearded dragons 9 at doses ranging between 1.5 and 20 mg/kg, but was ineffective at doses up to 40 mg/kg in corn snakes. 9 Conversely, the atypical opioid tramadol, when used in mammals has been widely questioned, [13][14][15] has provided antinociception (10 mg/kg subcutaneous) for at least 48 hours following administration in red-eared slider. 16 Tramadol produces MOR activation (6000 times less than morphine) as well as inhibition of serotonin (5HT) and norepinephrine (NE) reuptake in mammals.…”

Multiplex Serology for Common Viral Infections in Feral Pigs (Sus scrofa) in Hawaii between 2007 and 2010

“…Nevertheless, there is increasing taxa-specific evidence of the efficacy of analgesics to minimize the impact of noxious stimuli on these species. 67,68 Consequently, euthanasia techniques that result in "rapid loss of consciousness" and "minimize pain and distress" should be strived for, even where it is difficult to determine that these criteria have been met. Compelling recent evidence indicates finfish possess the components of nociceptive processing systems similar to those found in terrestrial vertebrates, [55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70] though debate continues based on questions of the impact of quantitative differences in numbers of specific components such as unmyelinated C fibers in major nerve bundles.…”