Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Extracts and Fatty Acids from Celtis australis L

Abstract

Context: Celtis australis L. (Ulmaceae) is a deciduous tree distributed to mountainous and sub-mountainous Himalaya. This plant has been used as traditional medicine in bone fracture, pimples, contusions, sprains and joint pains in India. Objectives: This is the first evaluation of C. australis extracts (bark and fruits) and fatty acids (fruits) for acute toxicity, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Materials and methods: The ethanol extracts of air dried stem bark and fruits were prepared at 30-50°C with 95% EtOH for 15h. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the powdery extracts so obtained were used for present study along with crude fatty acids obtained from column elution of n-C 6 H 12-CHCl 3 (6:4) of EtOAc fruit extract. Crude extracts and fatty acids were screened for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities by oral administration of three different doses at 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg of each text sample on Swiss albino mice and Sprague-Dawley rats, respectively. Results: All doses (i.e. 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg) of test samples were found active when compared with negative control. Crude extracts and fatty acids at higher concentration (i.e. 500 mg/kg) showed analgesic activity protection of 59.28, 63.22, and 45.79%, respectively, whereas at the same concentration, the anti-inflammatory inhibition was 44.26, 45.90, and 42.62%, respectively. Paracetamol and phenylbutazone were used as positive controls for analgesic and antiinflammatory activities, respectively. Discussion and conclusion: Present study concludes that extracts (stem bark and fruits) and fatty acids (fruits) of C. australis have significant (p<0.05) analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.

Natural extracts against agricultural pathogens: A case study of Celtis australis L.

“…According to Spitaler et al ( 2009 ), leaves collected from Italy are a rich source of flavone C ‐glycosides (acacetin 7‐ O ‐glucoside, isovitexin, and cytisoside), whereas the presence of a new flavonoid compound, namely C ‐glycoside 8‐(4‐α‐rhamnosyl‐2″‐ O ‐ β ‐d‐galactopyranosylvitexin), has been demonstrated in leaves of C. australis collected from Egypt (El‐Alfy et al, 2011 ). Three known flavonoids apigenin, quercetin, and quercetin glucosides, four triterpenoids, and one steroid have been isolated from fresh bark and mesocarps of C. australis from India (Semwal & Semwal, 2013 ). A sample collected in Croatia, not far from Montenegro, contained epicatechin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, 3,4‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde, delphinidin‐3,5‐di‐ O ‐glucoside, cyanidin‐3,5‐di‐ O ‐glucoside, and pelargonidin‐3,5‐di‐ O ‐glucoside (Ota et al, 2017 ).…”

Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Celtis australis: A review

“…Semwal et al have investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of C. australis's bark and fruit extracts, in addition to that of fatty acids obtained from C. australis's fruit extract (21). The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated on Swiss albino mice using carrageenan for the induction of edema in the hind paws of the tested animals.…”

“…Semwal et al (21) have investigated the analgesic activity of C. australis bark and fruit extracts, in addition to that of fatty acid of fruit extract, by measuring the writhes induced in mice following acetic acid injection. The samples used at different concentrations (100, 250, and 500 mg/kg) were active when compared to the negative control group.…”

“…These compounds are known for their ability to exert different biological effects (16)(17)(18). Many studies have proved the pharmacological potential of this plant (11,(19)(20)(21)(22).…”

Bioassay‐guided isolation of anti‐inflammatory constituents from Celtis sinensis leaves

“…For example, the total extracts of Celtis jessoensis Koidz (Jeju Island, Korea) exhibited potent inhibition of NO production on RAW 264.7 cells (Yang et al., 2009). Besides, Ruchi et al (Semwal & Semwal, 2012) evaluated the anti‐inflammatory activities of extracts and fatty acids of Celtis australis on carrageen induced inflammation of rats and observed that all the anti‐inflammatory inhibition was exceeding 40% at the concentration of 500 mg/kg. However, the bioactivities components of C. sinensis have still not been performed, which may be used to reduce the side effects of GAs.…”