Analgesia

Use of Caudoventral-Craniodorsal and Cranioventral-Caudodorsal Oblique Radiographic Views made at 45° to the Frontal Plane for the Evaluation of Pelvic Girdles in Painted Turtles (Chrysemys picta)

“…It is vital to ensure that rehabilitated painted turtle patients regain full function and reproductive capacity. Appropriate diagnosis of injuries is necessary to provide adequate treatment, including adequate analgesia (Sladky and Mans, 2019). Fracture instability may cause chronic pain and decreased fitness in the wild.…”

Expanding haematoma in a lace monitor (Varanus varius)

“…The initial 2‐week period of bandaging despite ongoing haematoma expansion coincided with an unexpected absence of the primary clinician during which treatment could have escalated sooner. Analgesia in reptiles now includes the use of opiod mu‐agonists which were not utilised in this case, and the dosage of meloxicam used was very low 33 . This may have offset the potential for meloxicam to exhibit an antiplatelet aggregation effect.…”

Serum Fentanyl Concentrations and Behavior Associated With Transdermal Fentanyl Application on Healthy Corn Snakes (Pantherophis Guttatus)

“…18 Unlike with many other species, it has been challenging to document that any analgesic drugs provide analgesia to snakes pharmacodynamically. 14,[17][18][19]21 Traditional models of testing pain responses, such as the Hargreaves apparatus (transient thermal noxious stimulus), may not be appropriate for studying pain caused by clinical conditions in snake species because of anatomic and behavioral differences. Instead, for clinically painful conditions, evaluating individual snake behavioral changes with analgesia may be a more accurate method for determining pharmacodynamic response to analgesic drugs.…”

“…The detection and transmission of painful stimuli in reptiles are structurally and functionally equivalent to those in mammals and birds. 11,19 Snakes may experience pain postsurgically, associated with dystocia or trauma (such as burns from heat sources, bites from live prey, injury from environment) 8 or from spinal osteoarthritis as they age. 7,10 Under such conditions, snakes would benefit from effective analgesia.…”