Analgesia for Labor: A Survey of Norwegian Practice With Focus on Parenteral Opioids

The association between intrapartum opioid fentanyl and early breastfeeding: A prospective observational study

“…The items included in the questionnaire were based on previous breastfeeding and fentanyl labor analgesia studies. 5,6 Exclusive breastfeeding at discharge was the primary outcome variable, based on the WHO/UNICEF Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative. 23 Other variables included (a) patient demographics and labor characteristics (Table 1), (b) labor analgesia data, and (c) breastfeeding data (time, duration, and quality of first feed; prevalence of breastfeeding problems noted during the postpartum stay; use of formula milk or nipple shield because of breastfeeding problems; length of stay; and whether or not the mother was given an appointment at the breastfeeding follow-up clinic).…”

“…3,4 The use of labor epidural analgesia (EDA) has increased during the last 10 years as the use of intravenous (IV) opioids has declined. [5][6][7] However, EDA may not be desired by the woman, or may be contraindicated, technically impossible, or simply not available. 3,5 Systemic opioids are frequently used for labor analgesia when EDA is not an option.…”