Anal human papillomavirus and its associations with abnormal anal cytology among men who have sex with men

Abstract

Human papillomavirus (HpV) infection contributes to most anal cancers and premalignant intraepithelial lesions. this study investigated anal HpV infections and cytological abnormalities among men who have sex with men (MSM). Sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behaviorswere collected by using a structured questionnaire. Anal cytological results were examined, and HPV genotyping was performed by the Linear Array HPV Genotyping test. Logistic regression was used to estimate risk factors and their associations with high-risk HpV infection and cytological abnormalities. Among 163 MSM, 101 were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and 62 were seronegative for HIV. The overall prevalence of HPV was 66.2%. A total of 61.9% and 48.2% of participants had never acquired any of either the quadrivalent or nonavalent vaccine HPV types, respectively. Cytological findings showed 15.3% atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, 16.6% low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 4.9% atypical squamous cells that cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and 17% high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. The number of high-risk HPV types was the predominant risk factor for abnormal anal cytology (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.27-3.24). Infection with high-risk HPV was a significant predictor for cytological abnormality. MSM should be encouraged to obtain the HpV vaccine.Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an important cause of sexually transmitted diseases worldwide and is associated with malignant transformations in the squamous epithelium of the anus 1 . A rising trend in the incidence of anal cancer has been shown in recent years, increasing from 0.8 per 100,000 person-years in 1975 to 1.8 per 100,000 person-years in 2014 in the United States 2 . The development of anal cancer or pre-cancerous lesions is associated with one's lifetime number of sexual partners, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, receptive anal intercourse and anal HPV infection, particularly infection with HPV16 3-5 . Moreover, among individuals with anal cancer, nearly 90% of cases are attributable to HPV infection 6 . A recent meta-analysis also showed that the increased prevalence of HPV is associated with the severity of abnormal anal cytology 7 .The incidence of anal cancer among patients with HIV infection is much higher than among the general population (51.4 versus 1.2 per 100,000 person-years) 8 . HIV infection may attenuate the host's immune competence, which then worsens the control of anal HPV infections 9-11 . In addition, HIV seropositives have a decreased probability of clearing anal HPV infection and have prolonged anal HPV infections, compared to HIV seronegatives 11 . The persistent anal HPV infections have been particularly found in high-risk HPV types, which are the predominant risk factors for anal cancer 12,13 . Thus, HIV infection is considered one of the most important independent risk factors for high-risk anal HPV infection [14][15][16][17] .first amplified using polymerase chain reaction. Then...

HPV 16 and 18 contribute to development of anal dysplasia in HIV infection irrespective of gender and sexual orientation

“…We found a trend of association between detection of HPV 16 or 18 and CAs, confirming recent findings in literature [1,8]. At T1 a low prevalence of CAs was confirmed, with a high prevalence of HR-HPV especially in MSM.…”

“…An association with high‐risk HPV (HR‐HPV) genotypes and development of anal CAs was found [8]. The HPV 16 genotype was correlated with severity of cytopathology diagnosis [1].…”

Anal human papillomavirus infection and its relations with abnormal anal cytology among MSM with or without HIV infection in Japan

“…Even more interestingly, it was clearly documented for the rst time in Japan in the present study that the incidence of abnormal cytology was positively correlated with the number of HPV genotypes detected (Fig. 2b, Table 2), as was discussed in a previous study 14 . On the other hand, the incidence of abnormal cytology was not greatly in uenced by the difference in genotypes (Fig.…”

“…Thailand, while most frequent HPV genotypes were HPV-16, HPV-51 and HPV-52 in Taiwan and Thailand, HPV-16 and HPV-18 in China4,14,15 .All of 9 valent HPV vaccine covered genotypes (genotypes 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58 are high-risk HPV genotypes, while genotypes 6 and 11 are low-risk HPV genotypes) were not rarely (> 5%) identi ed in the study participants (See supplementary Fig S1online). Moreover, most of HPV infected subjects (312/377) possessed at least one of the 9 valent vaccine covered genotypes.…”

Anal human papillomavirus infection and its relationship with abnormal anal cytology among MSM with or without HIV infection in Japan

“…The high prevalence of hr-HPV in HIV-seropositive MSM is similar to reports for other Asian countries, but the distribution of hr-HPV genotypes differs somewhat 4 , 10 , 11 . For example, the prevalence of hr-HPV infection is reportedly 85.2% in Taiwan, 82.7% in China and 85% in Thailand, and the most frequent hr-HPV genotypes are HPV-16, HPV-51 and HPV-52 in Taiwan and Thailand and HPV-16 and HPV-18 in China 4 , 10 , 11 .…”