“…Various physicochemical and biological techniques have been used in leachate treatment, such as ammonium stripping (Calli et al, 2005;Cheung et al, 1997), activated carbon adsorption (Fettig et al, 1996;Imai et al, 1995;Kurniawan et al, 2005a), ozonation (Kurniawan et al, 2005b) and membrane filtration (Kurniawan et al 2006;Peters, 1998). Among these, ammonia stripping and biological processes which involved nitrifiers and denitrifiers are most commonly used (Britz et al, 1990;Ho et al, 1974;Robinson and Maris, 1985;Wong et al, 1990). In the main-stream processes, nitrification converts NH 4 + -N to NO 2 À and NO 3 À under oxic conditions, and denitrification converts NO 3 À to N 2 O and N 2 under anoxic conditions.…”