Anaerobic Threshold Biophysical Characterisation of the Four Swimming
                    Techniques

Carvalho, D.; Soares, Susana; Zacca, Rodrigo; Sousa, João C.; Marinho, Daniel A.; Silva, António; Vilas-Boas, João Paulo; Fernandes, Ricardo J.

doi:10.1055/a-0975-9532

Cited by 22 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Previously, values of [La -] ~9-10 mM/L have been reported for maximal 50-m freestyle bouts [17,39], while values of [La -]max ~11-13 mM/L for maximal 100-m freestyle bouts were observed [17,31,39]. Therefore, it was reasonable to expect the lower values observed in the current study by using the 200-m race-pace (USRPT: 8.3 ± 2.7 mmol/l; RPT: 10.8 ± 2.7).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior to testing (≥ 48 h), swimmers were tested in short-course 200-m freestyle to obtain the individual target times. This distance was chosen because its intensity and duration ensure that swimmers achieve the VO2max [6] and thus, activate the glycolytic system [12,31]. The RPT target time was individually calculated as the 95% of the 200-m time/2 (males: 65.71 ± 1.38-s; females: 71.85 ± 1.95-s), while in USRPT it was calculated as the 95% of the 200-m time/4 (males: 32.85 ± 0.65-s; females: 35.92 ± 1.10-s) [19].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lower fatigue and faster recovery of ultra-short race pace swimming training sessions

Cuenca-Fernández

Boullosa

Ruiz-Navarro

et al. 2021

Research in Sports Medicine

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Ultra-short race-pace training (USRPT) is a high-intensity training modality used in swimming for the development of the specific race-technique. However, there is little information about the fatigue associated to this modality. In a crossover design, acute responses of two volume-equated sessions (1000-m) were compared on 14 national swimmers: i) USRPT: 20×50-m; ii) RPT: 10×100-m. Both protocols followed an equivalent work recovery ratio (1:1) based on individual 200-m race-pace. The swimming times and the arm-strokes count were monitored on each set and compared by mixedmodels. Blood lactate [La -] and countermovement jump-height (CMJ) were compared within and between conditions 2 and 5 min after the protocols. The last bouts in RPT were 1.5-3% slower than the target pace, entailing an arm-strokes increase value of ~0.22 for every second increase in swimming time. USRPT produced lower [La -] ([Mean ± standard deviation], 2 min: 8.2±2.4 [p = 0.021]; 5 min: 6.9±2.8 mM/L [p = 0.008]), than RPT (2 min: 10.9±2.3; 5 min: 9.9±2.4 mM/L). CMJ was lowered at min 2 after RPT (-11.09%) and USRPT (-5.89%), but returned to the baseline in USRPT at min 5 of recovery (4.07%). In conclusion, lower fatigue and better recovery were achieved during USRPT compared to traditional high-volume set.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower fatigue and faster recovery of ultra-short race pace swimming training sessions

Cuenca-Fernández

Boullosa

Ruiz-Navarro

et al. 2021

Research in Sports Medicine

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“…Progressive discontinuous swim protocols, such as a 7 × 200 m progressively increasing speed test, are commonly used to evaluate both physiological [ 1 , 2 ] and biomechanical [ 3 ] characteristics in swimming. More specifically, a 7 × 200 m test is used to identify aerobic training intensity domains and subsequent changes during a year-round training plan [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Verifying Physiological and Biomechanical Parameters during Continuous Swimming at Speed Corresponding to Lactate Threshold

Arsoniadis

Nikitakis

Botonis

et al. 2020

Sports

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The purpose of this study was to verify the physiological responses and biomechanical parameters measured during 30 min of continuous swimming (T30) at intensity corresponding to lactate threshold previously calculated by an intermittent progressively increasing speed test (7 × 200 m). Fourteen competitive swimmers (18.0 (2.5) years, 67.5 (8.8) kg, 174.5 (7.7) cm) performed a 7 × 200 m front crawl test. Blood lactate concentration (BL) and oxygen uptake (VO2) were determined after each 200 m repetition, while heart rate (HR), arm-stroke rate (SR), and arm-stroke length (SL) were measured during each 200 m repetition. Using the speed vs. lactate concentration curve, the speed at lactate threshold (sLT) and parameters corresponding to sLT were calculated (BL-sLT, VO2-sLT, HR-sLT, SR-sLT, and SL-sLT). In the following day, a T30 corresponding to sLT was performed and BL-T30, VO2-T30, HR-T30, SR-T30, and SL-T30 were measured after the 10th and 30th minute, and average values were used for comparison. VO2-sLT was no different compared to VO2-T30 (p > 0.05). BL-T30, HR-T30, and SR-T30 were higher, while SL-T30 was lower compared to BL-sLT, HR-sLT, SR-sLT, and SL-sLT (p < 0.05). Continuous swimming at speed corresponding to lactate threshold may not show the same physiological and biomechanical responses as those calculated by a progressively increasing speed test of 7 × 200 m.

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“…However, determination of MLSS and the corresponding speed (sMLSS) is time-consuming and requires three to seven constant load testing sessions with a duration of 30-60 min on separate days [1]. Aiming to overcome the difficulties in MLSS determination, previous and recent studies with swimmers and athletes of various sports, apply interval and incremental protocols for the determination of LT and the speed corresponding to LT (sLT) in differ-ent age groups [5][6][7][8]. The latter approach represents a time-saving and valid method compared to MLSS in order to evaluate endurance performance in swimmers [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lactate Threshold Evaluation in Swimmers: The Importance of Age and Method

Nikitakis

Toubekis

2021

Int J Sports Med

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The purpose of the study was to define the most appropriate method for the calculation of the speed corresponding to lactate threshold (sLT) in male swimmers. Eight boys and eight adolescents (age: 11.4±0.5 and 15.8±0.8 years) performed 7×200-m swimming front-crawl and after drawing the speed vs. lactate curve, the sLTs were calculated using five methods: i) the intersection of two linear regression lines, ii) visual inspection, iii) D-max, iv) D-max modified, v) intersection of combined linear and exponential regression lines. All methods were compared to the speed corresponding to maximal lactate steady state (sMLSS). Two to four 30-min efforts of continuous swimming at imposed constant pace were used for sMLSS calculation. In both groups, speed of D-max modified was similar to sMLSS (children, 1.061±0.073 vs. sMLSS: 1.071±0.072 m·s−1; p>0.05; effect size: ES=0.15, small; adolescents, 1.318±0.060 vs. sMLSS: 1.284±0.047 m·s−1; p>0.05; ES=0.64, medium). In adolescents, sLT calculated by intersection of two regression lines and by visual inspection presented medium ES (0.22–0.24) and were no different to sMLSS (1.296 ± 0.051, 1.295±0.053 m·s−1, p>0.05). When testing children, D-max modified is the most appropriate method to estimate sMLSS. The intersection of the linear regression lines and visual inspection are suggested for sMLSS determination in adolescents.

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Anaerobic Threshold Biophysical Characterisation of the Four Swimming Techniques

Cited by 22 publications

References 30 publications

Lower fatigue and faster recovery of ultra-short race pace swimming training sessions

Lower fatigue and faster recovery of ultra-short race pace swimming training sessions

Verifying Physiological and Biomechanical Parameters during Continuous Swimming at Speed Corresponding to Lactate Threshold

Lactate Threshold Evaluation in Swimmers: The Importance of Age and Method

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