Anaerobic digestion of primary winery wastewater sludge and evaluation of the character of the digestate as a potential fertilizer

Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment as a Decision Tool for the Valorisation of Winery Wastewater Treatment Byproducts to Agricultural Purposes

“…If properly treated, winery wastewater can be reused for agricultural irrigation (Mosse et al 2012). Winery wastewater treatment studies have already been presented in the specialized literature, such as, coagulation-flocculation (Braz et al 2010;Rizzo et al 2010); coagulation-flocculation-decantation and ozonization process (Jorge et al 2021a) membrane processes (nanofiltration and reverse osmosis) (Ferrarini et al 2001;Ioannou et al 2013a); ozonation (Beltrán et al 1999;Lucas et al 2009aLucas et al , 2009b; combination of ozone and radiation and/or hydrogen peroxide (Lucas et al 2009 a); photo-Fenton (Mosteo et al 2006;Ormad et al 2006); photo-Fenton with solar radiation (Monteagudo et al 2012); wet oxidation (Domínguez et al 2014); anodic oxidation (Lauzurique et al 2022;Candia-Onfray et al 2018), anaerobic digestion (Kaira et al 2022), combination of adsorption and thermocatalytic processes (Jorge et al 2021b) advanced oxidation processes based on sulfate radicals (Amor et al 2019), photocatalytic/ photolytic processes (Agustina et al 2008) and microalgae and immobilized TiO 2 /UV-A LEDs (Marchão et al 2021). However, the application of alkaline precipitants for the treatment of wastewater in wineries still needs to be further studied.…”