Anaemia Prevalence, Severity and Associated Risk Factors Among Indigenous Temiar Orang Asli Community in Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia

Abstract

Anaemia continues to be a major public health challenge in developing countries. An important and often unreported group at risk for anaemia is indigenous communities. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of anaemia and to identify its determinants in the indigenous Temiar Orang Asli community in Peninsular Malaysia. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019. Six hundred and forty participants aged one and older were enrolled and personal characteristic data were collected. Anaemia status was determined using haemoglobin level (Hb) according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Hb cut-off. The overall anaemia prevalence was 44.7% (286/640) and the prevalence rates of mild, moderate and severe anaemia were 42.7%, 50.7% and 6.6%, respectively. Anaemia-specific prevalence varied significantly by age groups (P<0.001) and was highest in the 6–17 group for mild anaemia (39.3%, 95% CI: 30.6–48.6), followed by ≤5 group for both moderate anaemia (43.4%; 95%CI: 35.2–51.9) and severe anaemia (42.1%; 95%CI: 20.3–66.5). In the multivariate logistic regression, anaemia was associated in age groups of ≤5 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 5.6 [95%CI: 3.3–9.4], P<0.001) and 6–17 (aOR 2.1 [95%CI: 1.4–3.2], P<0.001) as well in those living in Lambok (aOR 2.7 [95%CI: 1.3–5.5], P = 0.006). This study has highlighted the high prevalence of anaemia among indigenous Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia and revealed that younger children were positively associated with childhood anaemia. Effective interventions and special attention for this indigenous population need to be implemented to reduce the risk of anaemia.

The Prevalence and Determinants of Anemia Among Indigenous (Orang Asli) Children in Peninsular Malaysia: A Systematic Review

“…Using a classification that WHO proposed for the public health significance of anemia, this review discovered that four of the studies (50.0%) had severe public health significance, 8,11,14,18 three of the studies were classified as moderate, 15 -17 and only one study stated mild health significance. 12…”

“…Two research studies concluded that men have a higher prevalence of anemia than women, 11,13 whereas the other investigation concluded otherwise. 17 Using a classification that WHO proposed for the public health significance of anemia, this review discovered that four of the studies (50.0%) had severe public health significance, 8,11,14,18 three of the studies were classified as moderate, [15][16][17] and only one study stated mild health significance. 12…”