Anaemia and Nutritional Status during HIV and Helminth Coinfection among Adults in South Africa

Mpaka-Mbatha, Miranda N.; Naidoo, Pragalathan; Islam, Mazharul; Singh, Ravesh; Mkhize‐Kwitshana, Zilungile L.

doi:10.3390/nu14234970

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…It is estimated that approximately 1.5 billion or 24% of the world’s population are infected with parasitic helminths [ 22 ]. A widespread overlap between HIV and parasitic helminths has been reported in some regions of the world [ 23 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HIV infection impairs the individual’s metabolic ability to absorb, store, and use nutrients, resulting in nutrient deficiencies, compromising immunity and increasing the risk of infectious diseases. In addition, HIV-helminth coinfected individuals may lead to bone marrow failure, which reduces the production of red blood cells, leading to anemia [ 22 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular investigation of Toxocara infection from the serum of people living with HIV in Alborz, Iran

et al. 2023

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Background Toxocara infection is one of the most common neglected infections of poverty and a helminthiasis of global importance. Traditional diagnostic methods such as antibodies detection in serum samples are limited due to cross-reactivity and poor sensitivity. The use of molecular base methods for diagnosis of Toxocara infection in Iran has not been fully explored. The purpose of the current study was to estimate the prevalence of Toxocara infection from serum samples of people living with HIV in Alborz province, Iran using serological and molecular methods. Methods Blood samples were collected from 105 people living with HIV. Epidemiological data of participant were obtained through a structured questionnaire to investigate the risk factors. Patients CD4+ T cell count were recorded. Anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies were detected by ELISA, with a cut-off point of 11. PCR was performed to detect genetic material of Toxocara species in the serum samples. Results The mean CD4+ count in HIV-infected individuals with positive toxocariasis serology was 255.1 ± 21.6 cells/µL. Seropositivity for Toxocara species was observed in 12/105 (11.4%) people living with HIV. Three samples gave positive results on PCR analysis. Based on the data, a statistically significant relationship was found between anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies seropositivity and underlying conditions (p = 0.017). No significant statistical association was observed between seropositivity for Toxocara and gender, age, exposure to domestic animals or pet keeping, education levels, and occupation (p > 0.05). The findings of PCR confirmed Toxocara DNA in 3/12 (25.0%) serum samples. Conclusion These findings demonstrated for the first time that people living with HIV from Alborz province, are being exposed to this zoonosis and a relatively high seroprevalence of Toxocara in HIV/AIDS people needs comprehensive health education regarding personal hygiene and how to avoid exposure to this parasite infection, especially in people with an impaired immune system.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular investigation of Toxocara infection from the serum of people living with HIV in Alborz, Iran

et al. 2023

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Telomere Length in a South African Population Co-Infected with HIV and Helminths

Macamo,

Mkhize-Kwitshana,

Duma

et al. 2024

CIMB

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Biological ageing refers to the gradual decrease in physiological functions, resulting in immune senescence, cellular damage and apoptosis. Telomere length is a biomarker of biological ageing. Limited studies have associated shorter telomere length with HIV and parasite single infections, with no studies reporting the association of HIV and parasite co-infection with telomere length. The study aimed to investigate whether telomere length shortening is accelerated in a South African population co-infected with HIV and helminths compared to participants singly infected with either HIV or helminths. Additionally, telomere length data were compared with participants’ biochemical and full blood count parameters. A total of 200 participants were in groups of uninfected control, HIV single infection, helminth single infection and HIV and helminth co-infection groups. Relative telomere length (RTL) was determined using Real-Time PCR and associated with biochemical and full blood count parameters using multivariate regression analysis models that were adjusted for confounders. The uninfected control group was used as a reference group. The uninfected control group had the highest mean RTL (1.21 ± 0.53) while the HIV-infected (0.96 ± 0.42) and co-infected (0.93 ± 0.41) groups had similar RTLs, and lastly, the helminth-infected group (0.83 ± 0.33) had the lowest RTL (p = 0.0002). When compared to the uninfected control group, a significant association between RTL and biochemical parameters, including blood iron (β = −0.48), ferritin (β = −0.48), transferrin saturation (β = −0.57), transferrin (β = −0.57), phosphate (β = −0.47), vitamin A (β = −0.49) and C-reactive protein (β = −0.52) were noted in the co-infected group (p < 0.05). In addition, a significant association between RTL and full blood count, including (β = −0.47), haematocrit (β = −0.46), mean corpuscular volume (β = −0.47), lymphocytes (β = −0.45), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (β = −0.45), red cell distribution width (β = −0.47), monocytes (β = −0.45), eosinophils (β = −0.45), basophils (β = −0.44) and transferrin saturation (β = −0.57) were also noted in the co-infected group (p < 0.05). Accelerated biological ageing, as indicated by telomere length shortening, is associated with HIV and helminth co-infections.

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The Impact of HIV and Parasite Single Infection and Coinfection on Telomere Length: A Systematic Review

Macamo,

Mkhize-Kwitshana,

Mthombeni

et al. 2024

CIMB

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HIV and parasite infections accelerate biological aging, resulting in immune senescence, apoptosis and cellular damage. Telomere length is considered to be one of the most effective biomarkers of biological aging. HIV and parasite infection have been reported to shorten telomere length in the host. This systematic review aimed to highlight work that explored the influence of HIV and parasite single infections and coinfection on telomere length. Using specific keywords related to the topic of interest, an electronic search of several online databases (Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct and PubMed) was conducted to extract eligible articles. The association between HIV infection or parasite infection and telomere length and the association between HIV and parasite coinfection and telomere length were assessed independently. The studies reported were mostly conducted in the European countries. Of the 42 eligible research articles reviewed, HIV and parasite single infections were independently associated with telomere length shortening. Some studies found no association between antiretroviral therapy (ART) and telomere length shortening, while others found an association between ART and telomere length shortening. No studies reported on the association between HIV and parasite coinfection and telomere length. HIV and parasite infections independently accelerate telomere length shortening and biological aging. It is possible that coinfection with HIV and parasites may further accelerate telomere length shortening; however, this is a neglected field of research with no reported studies to date.

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Anaemia and Nutritional Status during HIV and Helminth Coinfection among Adults in South Africa

Cited by 3 publications

References 35 publications

Molecular investigation of Toxocara infection from the serum of people living with HIV in Alborz, Iran

Molecular investigation of Toxocara infection from the serum of people living with HIV in Alborz, Iran

Telomere Length in a South African Population Co-Infected with HIV and Helminths

The Impact of HIV and Parasite Single Infection and Coinfection on Telomere Length: A Systematic Review

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