Anaemia: A Useful Indicator of Neglected Disease Burden and Control

Bates, Imelda; McKew, Stephen; Sarkinfada, F

doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040231

Cited by 41 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…Non-infectious causes include malnutrition (Fishman et al, 2000;Semba and Bloem, 2002;Kazembe et al, 2007;Allen and Peerson, 2009), inherited haemoglobinopathies (Morris et al, 2006) and thalassemias (Wambua et al, 2006). Infectious causes include malaria (Crawley, 2004), urogenital schistosomiasis (caused by Schistosoma haematobium), soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm (Brooker et al, 1999;Stoltzfus et al, 2000;Bates et al, 2007), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (Adias et al, 2006) and bacteraemia caused by Steptococcus pneumoniae, non-typhi Salmonella spp., Haemophilus influenzae type b (Means, 2000;Williams et al, 2009) and other organisms. Iron-deficiency is the most common reason for anaemia and efforts to mitigate it include the delivery of iron supplements to populations at risk (WHO, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of malnutrition and parasite infections in the spatial variation in children’s anaemia risk in northern Angola

Magalhães

Langa²,

Pedro

et al. 2013

Geospat Health

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Abstract. Anaemia is known to have an impact on child development and mortality and is a severe public health problem in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa. We investigated the consistency between ecological and individual-level approaches to anaemia mapping by building spatial anaemia models for children aged ≤15 years using different modelling approaches. We aimed to (i) quantify the role of malnutrition, malaria, Schistosoma haematobium and soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) in anaemia endemicity; and (ii) develop a high resolution predictive risk map of anaemia for the municipality of Dande in northern Angola. We used parasitological survey data for children aged ≤15 years to build Bayesian geostatistical models of malaria (PfPR ≤15 ), S. haematobium, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura and predict small-scale spatial variations in these infections. Malnutrition, PfPR ≤15 , and S. haematobium infections were significantly associated with anaemia risk. An estimated 12.5%, 15.6% and 9.8% of anaemia cases could be averted by treating malnutrition, malaria and S. haematobium, respectively. Spatial clusters of high risk of anaemia (>86%) were identified. Using an individual-level approach to anaemia mapping at a small spatial scale, we found that anaemia in children aged ≤15 years is highly heterogeneous and that malnutrition and parasitic infections are important contributors to the spatial variation in anaemia risk. The results presented in this study can help inform the integration of the current provincial malaria control programme with ancillary micronutrient supplementation and control of neglected tropical diseases such as urogenital schistosomiasis and STH infections.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of malnutrition and parasite infections in the spatial variation in children’s anaemia risk in northern Angola

Magalhães

Langa²,

Pedro

et al. 2013

Geospat Health

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“…Steptococcus pneumoniae, non-typhi Salmonella species and Haemophilus influenzae type b); neglected tropical diseases (especially those caused by Schistosoma haematobium -the cause of urinary schistosomiasis -hookworm and, to a lesser extent, Trichuris trichiura and Schistosoma mansoni), and inherited haemoglobinopathies and thalassemias. 1,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Currently, the planning of resources required for anaemia control is based on prevalence data from field surveys within a country, which are then extrapolated to the country as a whole. 3 However, efficient allocation of health interventions to control anaemia may require more targeted approaches based on information on the geographical distribution of high-risk communities and on an understanding of the relative contribution of major causes of anaemia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial heterogeneity of haemoglobin concentration in preschool-age children in sub-Saharan Africa

Magalhães

Clements

2011

Bull. World Health Organ.

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“…These diseases are by far the most common NTDs in the developing world [3], affecting school-age children in particular and causing anaemia and other forms of malnutrition [18-22,56]. The control strategy is morbidity control through MDA using albendazole or mebendazole.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of neglected tropical diseases needs a long-term commitment

Zhang

MacArthur

Mubila

et al. 2010

BMC Med

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BackgroundNeglected tropical diseases are widespread, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, affecting over 2 billion individuals. Control of these diseases has gathered pace in recent years, with increased levels of funding from a number of governmental or non-governmental donors. Focus has currently been on five major 'tool-ready' neglected tropical diseases (lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthiasis and trachoma), using a package of integrated drug delivery according to the World Health Organization guidelines for preventive chemotherapy.DiscussionSuccess in controlling these neglected tropical diseases has been achieved in a number of countries in recent history. Experience from these successes suggests that long-term sustainable control of these diseases requires: (1) a long-term commitment from a wider range of donors and from governments of endemic countries; (2) close partnerships of donors, World Health Organization, pharmaceutical industries, governments of endemic countries, communities, and non-governmental developmental organisations; (3) concerted action from more donor countries to provide the necessary funds, and from the endemic countries to work together to prevent cross-border disease transmission; (4) comprehensive control measures for certain diseases; and (5) strengthened primary healthcare systems as platforms for the national control programmes and capacity building through implementation of the programmes.ConclusionsThe current level of funding for the control of neglected tropical diseases has never been seen before, but it is still not enough to scale up to the 2 billion people in all endemic countries. While more donors are sought, the stakeholders must work in a coordinated and harmonised way to identify the priority areas and the best delivery approaches to use the current funds to the maximum effect. Case management and other necessary control measures should be supported through the current major funding streams in order to achieve the objectives of the control of these diseases. For a long-term and sustainable effort, control of neglected tropical diseases should also be integrated into national primary healthcare systems.

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Anaemia: A Useful Indicator of Neglected Disease Burden and Control

Abstract: The authors argue that one way of evaluating the effectiveness of an intervention aimed at controlling neglected tropical diseases would be to assess its impact on anemia prevalence.

Cited by 41 publications

References 34 publications

Role of malnutrition and parasite infections in the spatial variation in children’s anaemia risk in northern Angola

Role of malnutrition and parasite infections in the spatial variation in children’s anaemia risk in northern Angola

Spatial heterogeneity of haemoglobin concentration in preschool-age children in sub-Saharan Africa

Control of neglected tropical diseases needs a long-term commitment

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