Anabolic steroids: A review of the literature

Haupt, Herbert; Rovere, George D.

doi:10.1177/036354658401200613

Cited by 385 publications

(160 citation statements)

References 73 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…One review of 13 studies of athletes using steroids found that 34% of the individuals reported behavioral side effects (Haupt & Rovere, 1984). Some studies seem to indicate that heavy use seems particularly likely to elicit aggressive reactions (Conacher & Workman, 1989;Pope & Katz, 1990), but there are some studies that report negative findings (Bahrke et al, 1990;Bahrke, Wright, Strauss, & Catlin, 1992).…”

Section: Anabolic-androgenic Steroidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drugs of abuse and the elicitation of human aggressive behavior

Hoaken

Stewart

2003

Addictive Behaviors

337

235

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The drug -violence relationship exists for several reasons, some direct (drugs pharmacologically inducing violence) and some indirect (violence occurring in order to attain drugs). Moreover, the nature of that relationship is often complex, with intoxication, neurotoxic, and withdrawal effects often being confused and/or confounded. This paper reviews the existing literature regarding the extent to which various drugs of abuse may be directly associated with heightened interpersonal violence. Alcohol is clearly the drug with the most evidence to support a direct intoxication -violence relationship. The literatures concerning benzodiazepines, opiates, psychostimulants, and phencyclidine (PCP) are idiosyncratic but suggest that personality factors may be as (or more) important than pharmacological ones. Cannabis reduces likelihood of violence during intoxication, but mounting evidence associates withdrawal with aggressivity. The literature on the relationship between steroids and aggression is largely confounded, and between 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and aggression insufficient to draw any reasonable conclusions. Conclusions and policy implications are briefly discussed. D

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Section: Anabolic-androgenic Steroidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drugs of abuse and the elicitation of human aggressive behavior

Hoaken

Stewart

2003

Addictive Behaviors

337

235

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Section: Anabolic Steroid Side Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the commonest side effects is sodium retention which gives rise to water retention and then oedema [32,62]. Water retention and increased erythropoesis contribute to an increase in blood volume [42,62] and also to the increased weight gain that occurs following anabolic steroid administration [32,43]. Much of the initial increase in muscle size and bulk that occurs following AS administration is due to the retention of water in the muscle tissue and not to an increase in protein content or muscle fibres [32,63].…”

Section: Anabolic Steroid Side Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water retention and increased erythropoesis contribute to an increase in blood volume [42,62] and also to the increased weight gain that occurs following anabolic steroid administration [32,43]. Much of the initial increase in muscle size and bulk that occurs following AS administration is due to the retention of water in the muscle tissue and not to an increase in protein content or muscle fibres [32,63]. More serious side-effects, associated with the prolonged use of AS, include jaundice and hepatic carcinoma [28,43].…”

Section: Anabolic Steroid Side Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anabolic steroids even in clinical doses, induce increases in liver enzyme levels [22,32] and at higher supra physiological levels, jaundice is a frequent side-effect [43], though these hepatic side-effects are usually reversible upon cessation of AS abuse [43]. The jaundice is of the intra-hepatic, cholestatic type 9 resulting from reduced flow and increased retention of bile in the bile capillaries of the hepatic lobules [69].…”

Section: Hepatic and Renal Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The actions and side effects of Anabolic Steroids in sport and social abuse

George

2003

Androl.

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Anabolic steroids (AS) derived from testosterone have both anabolic (muscle and strength enhancing) and a n d r o g e n i c (primary and s e c o n d a r y sexual) effects. Efforts to limit the androgenic while enhancing the anabolic effects have not been successful. Alterations to the structure of testosterone, so as to improve the pharmacokinetics of AS, have resulted in drugs, which are orally active, have a longer plasma half life and may be administered as depot injections. Therapeutic doses of AS produce statistically significant effects on strength and athletic performance in well-controlled scientific and clinical trials. At low, therapeutic doses, diet and an intensive training regime are equally important in producing a statistically significant increase in strength. Higher doses 6-7000mg per week are regularly administered in sport and produce the greatest increases in muscle strength erythropoiesis and lean body mass. Patterns of steroid abuse can be complex, reflecting a desire to minimise side effects, and avoid detection. AS side effects are of many types. AS increase salt and water retention leading to an expansion of the blood volume, but effects of steroids on blood pressure are equivocal and most cardiovascular side effects appear to be reversible.Abuse of AS causes an increase in blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels and this is associated with a decline in High Density Lipoproteins (HDLs) and an increase in the Low Density (LDL) type. Though these effects are reversible they are associated with an increased risk of both acute and c h r o n i c c a r d i o v a s c u l a r p a t h o l o g y . The m o s t serious irreversible anabolic steroid side effects are associated with carcinomas -mainly of the liver, prostate and kidney. Hepatic carcinomas are strongly associated with abuse of the orally active 17alpha methyl substituted steroids, which also produce a reversible jaundice. In males, anabolic steroid abuse causes suppression of LH and FSH release leading to inhibition of testosterone production often accompanied by testicular atrophy, and azoospermia. High, chronic doses of the drugs may also cause moderate to severe feminising effects in the form of gynaecomastia. Male secondary sexual characteristics are a side effect of AS abuse in women. Increased insulin resistance and elevated fasting blood glucose levels are the commonest non-gonadal endocrine side effects of AS.AS abuse leads to contradictory, complex, behavioural, and psychiatric changes. Increased frequency of mental illness, in anabolic steroid abusers including paranoid schizophrenia, mania and d e p r e s s i o n has been r e p o r t e d . P h y s i c a l and psychological dependency occur amongst some anabolic steroid abusers and severe psychiatric disorders can appear upon withdrawal, leading in a few cases to criminality and even suicide. We need more studies on the long-term effects of AS. The implications of the past 50 years of AS abuse will be discussed in the review.

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Atherogenic Effects of Anabolic Steroids on Serum Lipid Levels

Glazer¹

1991

Arch Intern Med

129

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Anabolic steroids: A review of the literature

Cited by 385 publications

References 73 publications

Drugs of abuse and the elicitation of human aggressive behavior

Drugs of abuse and the elicitation of human aggressive behavior

The actions and side effects of Anabolic Steroids in sport and social abuse

Atherogenic Effects of Anabolic Steroids on Serum Lipid Levels

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