Anabolic steroid users identified by needle and syringe exchange contact

Injecting risk behaviour and related harm among men who use performance‐ and image‐enhancing drugs

“…These behaviours include sharing vials, bladders and containers, re-using needles, blood contamination of communal environments, using unsterile preparations and poor injection techniques [8,9,[14][15][16][17][18]. Other risk behaviours documented among PIEDs users that may contribute to harms include unsafe sex and injection of other illicit drugs [8,11,13,14,19].…”

The risk of infection with HIV and hepatitis B in individuals who inject steroids in England and Wales

“…Many steroid injectors obtain their injecting equipment from sources such as gym managers or dealers [1,2], however, steroid injectors are forming an increasing proportion of clients of needle exchanges ; in 1995, 213 (19 %) of attenders at a Liverpool needle exchange gave steroids as their main drug of injection compared to 26 (1n8 %) in 1991 [3]. In UK surveys few steroid injectors admit to sharing injecting equipment [1,8] but this may be due to the comparatively crude methods of ascertainment [1].…”

Prevalence of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV and Related Risk Factors in Contact Sportsmen in Zanjan: A Letter to Editor

“…The study results, of an American football team, revealed that 11 out of 65 were infected with HBV, during a 19-month period ( 8 ). Morrison et al ( 9 ) suggested shared steroid syringes, as the possible cause of blood borne infections, among athletes ( 10 ). Also, in body building and weight lifting, syringe sharing has been suggested as the possible risk factor for transmission of the viral infections, among athletes ( 9 ).…”

“…Morrison et al ( 9 ) suggested shared steroid syringes, as the possible cause of blood borne infections, among athletes ( 10 ). Also, in body building and weight lifting, syringe sharing has been suggested as the possible risk factor for transmission of the viral infections, among athletes ( 9 ). Besides, in a study among Turkish wrestlers, a significant relationship between blood HBV DNA and body perspiration was found (r = 0.52) ( 11 ).…”