Anabolic androgenic steroids in police cases in Sweden 1999–2009

Lood, Yvonne; Eklund, Arne; Garle, Mats; Ahlner, Johan

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.01.004

Cited by 62 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Our finding that outside the arena of competitive athletics, prevalence of AAS use is highest among drug users and prisoners and arrestees is further consistent with a recent study that found a very high incidence rate of AAS and polydrug use in a laboratory testing of the urine samples of Swedish prisoners (Lood et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Similarly, consistent with Striegel et al The finding that studies using non-random sampling methods report a higher prevalence rate than studies based on random sampling methods seems to be related to the fact that the predominance of nonrandomly selected samples comprised athletes, prisoners, arrestees, and drug users among whom AAS use prevalence is relatively higher compared to high school students and non-athletes, as previously found (Baker, Thomas, Davies, & Graham, 2008;Bojsen-Møller & Christiansen, 2010;Grace, Baker, & Davies, 2001;Lood et al, 2012). However, sampling method was in- (Kanayama et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…There is extensive evidence connecting long-term AAS use to criminality (Lood, Eklund, Garle, & Ahlner, 2012;Lundholm, Haggård, Möller, Hallqvist, & Thiblin, 2013) and several debilitating physical and psychological disorders as well as mortality (Bahrke & Yesalis, 2004;Dodge & Hoagland, 2011;Hoffman & Ratamess, 2006;Kanayama et al, 2008;Pallesen, Jøsendal, Johnesen, Larsen, & Molde, 2006;Urhausen et al, 2004). Despite such evidence of the harmful consequences of non-medical use, AAS seem to be among the least studied of the world's major abused drugs (Pope et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anabolic-androgenic Steroid Use in the Nordic Countries: A Meta-analysis and Meta-regression Analysis

Sagoe¹,

Torsheim²,

Molde³

et al. 2014

Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs

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AIMS -To investigate the lifetime prevalence and moderators of non-medical AAS use in the five Nordic countries. METHODS -We conducted a meta-analysis and meta-regression using studies gathered from searches in PsycINFO, PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Google Scholar, and reference checks. Included were 32 studies that provided original data on 48 lifetime prevalence rates based on a total of 233,475 inhabitants of the Nordic countries. RESULTS -The overall lifetime prevalence obtained was 2.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3-3.4, I 2 = 99.5, P < 0.001]. The prevalence for males, 2.9% (95% CI: 1.7-4.8, I 2 = 99.2, P < 0.001), was significantly higher (Q bet = 40.5, P < 0.001) than the rate for females, 0.2% (95% CI: 0.1-0.4, I 2 = 90.5, P < 0.001). Sweden has the highest prevalence of AAS use: 4.4%, followed by Norway: 2.4%, Finland: 0.8%, Iceland: 0.7%, and Denmark: 0.5%. Country, sample type, and male sample percentage significantly predicted AAS use prevalence in a meta-regression analysis. No indication of publication bias was found. CONCLUSION -Though subject to some limitations, our findings suggest that non-medical AAS use should be regarded as a serious public health problem in the Nordic countries.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anabolic-androgenic Steroid Use in the Nordic Countries: A Meta-analysis and Meta-regression Analysis

Sagoe¹,

Torsheim²,

Molde³

et al. 2014

Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs

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“…Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) the speed sports in which high performance, power and endurance is needed (Kanayama et al, 2009); by athletes, body builders and weightlifters (Al-Ismail et al, 2002) to increase muscle mass, strength Attardi et al, 2011;Fürstenberger et al, 2012;Khan et al, 2012;Azzazy et al, 2009) and used to be able to achieve high performance (Lood et al, 2012;Hildebrandt et al, 2011;Di Luigi et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the use of Testosterone Enanthate as a Form of Doping in Sports Cause Early Closure of Epiphyseal in Bones?

Lök

2015

Int. J. Morphol.

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SUMMARY:The purpose of this research is to investigate the morphometric effects of short term usage of testosterone enanthate among the anabolic androgenic steroids used as doping by athletes on humerus bones of male rats. 30 rats (35 days) were utilized in this research. The rats were divided into three equal groups. For the experimental group (n= 10), testosterone enanthate at 10 mg/kg dose in 100 µl peanut oil diluents, for the peanut oil group (n= 10), peanut oil of testosterone enanthate' diluent (100 µl) was executed intraperitoneally 5 days in a week for 3 weeks. The control group (n= 10) was nourished without any practice for 3 weeks. All rats were euthanized end of the research. Humerus bones were exposed by the dissection of rats' front extremite bones and measurements and the averages were taken. When the length of rats' humerus bones were analyzed, the growth of humerus bones of rats testosterone enanthate applied in the experimental group stopped significantly and the difference was significant (p<0.05). It was observed that among anabolic androgenic steroids, testosterone enathate's usage on male rats in puberty period caused early epiphyseal closure and stopped the growth of humerus bones significantly.

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“…Recent surveys show that 2.4% of Australian students report lifetime AAS use [1], while in Sweden between 10 000 and 100 000 subjects may be exposed to AAS every year [2]. In Poland 6.2% of young males and 2.9% of young females admit that they use anabolic agents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clomiphene Stimulation Test in Men Abusing Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids for Long Time

L¹

2013

J Steroids Horm Sci

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Objective: Androgenic-anabolic steroids (AAS) are commonly used by athletes and recreational athletes. In some cases they induce persistent anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism (ASIH). Design:In an observational study we assessed the function of the pituitary-gonadal axis in a series of men with suspected ASIH. Methods:Clomiphene stimulation test (CST) was performed in 13 hypogonadal adult men with previous, prolonged exposure to AAS. We evaluated the response of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and total testosterone (T) to 50 mg of clomiphene daily administered for a week.Results: Mean concentrations of hormones before and after clomiphene administration were respectively (mean ± SD): 3 ± 1.2 and 8.3 ± 2 mIU/ml for LH; 3 ± 1.1 and 10 ± 14.6 mIU/ml for FSH; and 2.3 ± 0.6 and 7.2 ± 1.7 ng/ml for T (p<0.001). Conclusions:Men with ASIH, after a long-time withdrawal of AAS, present an intact reaction of gonadotropins and testosterone to clomiphene stimulation.

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Anabolic androgenic steroids in police cases in Sweden 1999–2009

Cited by 62 publications

References 29 publications

Anabolic-androgenic Steroid Use in the Nordic Countries: A Meta-analysis and Meta-regression Analysis

Anabolic-androgenic Steroid Use in the Nordic Countries: A Meta-analysis and Meta-regression Analysis

Does the use of Testosterone Enanthate as a Form of Doping in Sports Cause Early Closure of Epiphyseal in Bones?

Clomiphene Stimulation Test in Men Abusing Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids for Long Time

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