Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Yesalis, Charles E.; Bahrke, Michael S.

doi:10.2165/00007256-199519050-00003

Cited by 196 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The health risks associated with AS abuse are considerable (e.g., Haupt and Rovere, 1984;Yesalis and Cowart, 1998;Bahrke, Yesalis, and Wright, 1996;Yesalis and Bahrke, 1995). The androgenic (masculinizing) risk is particularly acute for women, in whom it may be impossible to reverse masculine traits, such as facial hair, deepening of voice, and male physique, once they appear.…”

Section: Health Risks Associated With Asmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some rewarding effects of androgens may be mediated by actions of its 5α-reduced metabolite 3α-androstanediol

Frye

2007

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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The abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AS) is a growing problem; however, the effects and mechanisms underlying their addictive effects are not well understood. Research findings regarding androgen abuse in people and hedonic effects of androgens in laboratory rats are reviewed. Androgens, like other steroids, can have traditional actions via cognate intracellular steroid receptors, as well as other substrates. Our recent results indicate that testosterone (T) metabolites may have actions in part via γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A /benzodiazepine receptor complexes (GBRs) and/ or dopaminergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens, to mediate T's positive hedonic states. This may provide the basis for positive reinforcing effects of androgen seeking and use behavior. Following a comprehensive review of the background literature, our findings are presented that have explored the extent to which metabolites of T mediate euphorogenic effects of androgens by acting in the nucleus accumbens. Then results regarding whether GBRs are necessary substrates for androgens' positive hedonic effects are discussed. Lastly, research that addresses if dopaminergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens are necessary for these effects of androgens are discussed. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the hedonic properties and abuse/addiction potential of androgens and the putative mechanisms underlying these effects.

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Section: Health Risks Associated With Asmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some rewarding effects of androgens may be mediated by actions of its 5α-reduced metabolite 3α-androstanediol

Frye

2007

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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“…The use of AS has been associated with serious side effects including hypertension, alterations in lipid profiles, liver dysfunction, clotting abnormalities, and psychologic effects including changes in mood, behavior, and somatic perceptions. 17,18 AS use during adolescence poses additional concerns because the use of these drugs during this developmental period may result in the premature closure of the epiphyseal growth plates. 17 AS users who share contaminated needles also increase the risk of transmitting the human immunodeficiency virus.…”

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confidence: 99%

Anabolic Steroid Use by Male and Female Middle School Students

et al. 1998

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ABSTRACT. Background. The prevalence of anabolic steroid use by high school and college students has been reported in the literature. However, rumors persist regarding the use of steroids by younger populations.Objective. To assess the extent of steroid use by male and female middle school students and to explore their attitudes and perceptions about these drugs.Methods. A confidential self-report questionnaire was administered to 466 male and 499 female students between 9 and 13 years of age (mean ؎ SD, 11.4 ؎ 0.9 years) in 5th, 6th, and 7th grades from four public middle schools in Massachusetts. The number of students reporting steroid use and differences between users' and nonusers' underlying attitudes and perceptions about these drugs were evaluated.Results. The response rate was 82% (965/1175 eligible). Results indicated that 2.7% of all middle school students reported using steroids; 2.6% were males and 2.8% were females. When steroid users were compared with nonusers, 47% versus 43% thought that steroids make muscles bigger; 58% versus 31% thought that steroids make muscles stronger; 31% versus 11% thought that steroids improve athletic performance; 23% versus 13% thought that steroids make one look better; 23% versus 9% knew someone their own age who currently took steroids; 38% versus 4% were asked by someone to take steroids; 54% versus 91% thought that steroids were bad for them; and 35% versus 2% indicated that they would take steroids in the future. Additional analyses determined steroid user involvement in sports and activities.Conclusion. The results of this study suggest that the problem of illicit steroid use extends to children and young adolescents and that a segment of this population is mindful of the potential physiologic effects of steroids. This information will be useful to pediatricians, sport authorities, and school teachers whose guidance will become increasingly more important as steroid educational interventions for male and female middle school students are developed. Pediatrics 1998;101(5). URL: http:// www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/101/5/e6; anabolic androgenic steroid, drug abuse, risky behavior, children, adolescents. ABBREVIATION. AS, anabolic steroid(s).A nabolic steroids (AS) have been used by adult athletes since the 1950s in the hope of improving athletic performance. Although weight lifters were the first consumers of these drugs, AS now are being used by male and female power athletes, endurance athletes, and nonathletes. More recently, the use of AS has extended to younger populations. In the United States, for example, it has been reported that ϳ4% to 12% of male adolescents and 0.5% to 2.9% of female adolescents have used AS to enhance sports performance or favorably alter body size.1-13 Although medical, legal, and ethical issues related to the nonmedical use of AS continue to be discussed, a growing number of adolescents appear to be using these agents for nonmedical purposes. -16The perceived benefits from AS use are not without untoward consequences. The u...

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“…O derivado 17β é suspenso em óleo, o que permite a manutenção da concentração no corpo por várias semanas. Mais recentemente, adesivos transdérmicos e sprays nasais têm sido utilizados (1,5,6).…”

Section: Esteróides Anabolizantesunclassified

Abuso de esteróides anabolizantes e seu impacto sobre a função tireóidea

Fortunato

Rosenthal

Carvalho

et al. 2007

Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab

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A utilização de esteróides anabolizantes por indivíduos que desejam aumentar sua performance física, ou simplesmente para fins estéticos, tem atingido índices alarmantes nas últimas três décadas. Além dos efeitos desejados, uma infinidade de efeitos colaterais já foi bem descrita na literatura, como vários tipos de câncer, ginecomastia, peliosis hepatis, insuficiência renal, virilização, dentre outros. Sobre a função tireóidea, o efeito mais pronunciado em seres humanos é a diminuição da TBG, com conseqüente diminuição sérica de T3 e T4 totais, dependendo, porém, da susceptibilidade da molécula à aromatização e conseqüente transformação em estrógeno. Em ratos, o tratamento com esteróides anabolizantes altera a metabolização periférica dos hormônios tireóideos e também parece causar importante efeito proliferativo sobre as células tireóideas. Assim, o presente artigo visa rever os dados publicados acerca dos efeitos de doses suprafisiológicas de esteróides anabolizantes sobre a função tireóidea, reforçando o perigo que a utilização indiscriminada dessas drogas pode causar à saúde. ABSTRACT Abuse of Anabolic Steroids and Its Impact on Thyroid Function.The use of anabolic steroids to increase physical performance and for aesthetic ends has reached alarming indices in the last three decades. Besides the desired actions, several collateral effects have been described in the literature, such as the development of some types of cancer, ginecomasty, peliosis hepatis, renal insufficiency, virilization, amongst others. The most proeminent effect on human thyroid function is the reduction of thyroxine binding globulin (TBG), with consequent reductions of total serum T 3 and T 4 , depending however on the susceptibility of the drug to aromatization and subsequent transformation into estrogen. In rats, anabolic steroids also act in the peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones and seem to exert an important proliferative effect on thyroid cells. Thus, the aim of the present paper is to review data on the effect of supraphysiological doses of anabolic steroids on thyroid function, showing the danger that indiscriminate use of these drugs can cause to health.

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Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

Cited by 196 publications

References 49 publications

Some rewarding effects of androgens may be mediated by actions of its 5α-reduced metabolite 3α-androstanediol

Some rewarding effects of androgens may be mediated by actions of its 5α-reduced metabolite 3α-androstanediol

Anabolic Steroid Use by Male and Female Middle School Students

Abuso de esteróides anabolizantes e seu impacto sobre a função tireóidea

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