Sialic acid-containing glycans play important roles in biology, but their synthesisb ys tandard chemical approaches is challenging. Enzymatic assemblyi sg enerally ab etter approach. In the last two decades,anumber of bacterial sialyltransferases (STs) and trans-sialidasesh ave been identifieda nd an umber of them found to exhibit broad substrate specificity.I nt his review,w ew illf ocuso nt he donor and acceptor substrate specificities of these enzymes along with the enzymatic routes employed to prepare sialosidesb earing modificationsa ts pecific positions on the sialic acid carbon skeleton. Understanding the substrate tolerance of these enzymes will help researchers to choose the best biocatalyst for the assemblyo fs pecific sialosides,w hich can be valuable tools in the study of or inhibition of sialidases and STs and sialica cid-binding proteins.I na ddition,t he ability to study these processes using synthetic sialylated glycans will leadt oagreater understanding of their biologya nd willl ead to newt herapeutic targets.1I ntroduction 2S ialic AcidsinN ature 3S ynthesis of Sialic Acid-ContainingO ligosaccharides 4B acterial Sialyltransferases and trans-Sialidases 4