An X-Ray Study of Chymotrypsin and HÆmoglobin

Bernal, J. D.; Fankuchen, I.; Perutz, M. F.

doi:10.1038/141523a0

Cited by 107 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Changes in the hydration state of protein crystals and their potential importance for structure solution have been recognized since the very early days of protein crystallography (Bernal et al, 1938). Studies on the figure) show a 3.5 A wide slice from the p66 thumb (top) to the p51 palm (right) running roughly along the interfaces between the p66 palm and connection domains, and the p51 fingers and connection domains (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous and Discontinuous Changes in the Unit Cell of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Crystals on Dehydration

et al. 1998

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A crystal form of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) complexed with inhibitors showed diffraction to a highresolution limit of 3.7 ,~. Instability in the unit-cell dimensions of these crystals was observed during soaking experiments, but the range of this variability and consequent change in lattice order was revealed by a chance observation of dehydration. Deliberately induced dehydration results in crystals having a variety of unit cells, the best-ordered of which show diffraction to a minimum Bragg spacing of 2.2,~. In order to understand the molecular basis for this phenomenon, the initial observation of dehydration, the data sets from dehydrated crystals, the crystal packing and the domain conformation of RT are analysed in detail here. This analysis reveals that the crystals undergo remarkable changes following a variety of possible dehydration pathways: some changes occur gradually whilst others are abrupt and require significant domain rearrangements. Comparison of domain arrangements in different crystal forms gives insight into the flexibility of RT which, in turn, may reflect the internal motions allowing this therapeutically important enzyme to fulfill its biological function.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous and Discontinuous Changes in the Unit Cell of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Crystals on Dehydration

et al. 1998

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“…The diffraction pattern of a non-crystalline object is continuous, and phases can be recovered directly from such patterns [39][40][41] , using an iterative process [12][13][14] . We used the Hawk software package 42 for phasing (Methods).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging single cells in a beam of live cyanobacteria with an X-ray laser

et al. 2015

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There exists a conspicuous gap of knowledge about the organization of life at mesoscopic levels. Ultra-fast coherent diffractive imaging with X-ray free-electron lasers can probe structures at the relevant length scales and may reach sub-nanometer resolution on micron-sized living cells. Here we show that we can introduce a beam of aerosolised cyanobacteria into the focus of the Linac Coherent Light Source and record diffraction patterns from individual living cells at very low noise levels and at high hit ratios. We obtain twodimensional projection images directly from the diffraction patterns, and present the results as synthetic X-ray Nomarski images calculated from the complex-valued reconstructions. We further demonstrate that it is possible to record diffraction data to nanometer resolution on live cells with X-ray lasers. Extension to sub-nanometer resolution is within reach, although improvements in pulse parameters and X-ray area detectors will be necessary to unlock this potential.

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“…I began this work at the suggestion of Haurowitz, the husband of my cousin Gina Perutz, who was then in Prague. The ®rst paper on X-ray diffraction from haemoglobin (and chymotrypsin) was by Bernal et al (1938). I did the experimental work, (and) Bernal showed me how to interpret the X-ray pictures.…”

Section: The ®Rst Investigation Of Biological Macromoleculesmentioning

confidence: 99%

From the Structures of Simple Salts to Those of Sophisticated Viruses

Rossmann¹

1998

Acta Cryst Sect A

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An account is given of the development of X-ray crystallography from its beginnings in 1912 to its present successes in the determination of virus structures. Brief mention is made of early inorganic and subsequent organic molecule structure determinations, which eventually laid the foundations for the ®rst protein structures in 1957±1959. Various experimental and computational advances were required for these successes. However, additional technical advances were necessary before the ®rst near atomic resolution structures of spherical viruses became possible in 1978±1979. Current emphasis is in probing the multifunctional biological properties of viral capsids when they infect cells.

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An X-Ray Study of Chymotrypsin and HÆmoglobin

Cited by 107 publications

References 8 publications

Continuous and Discontinuous Changes in the Unit Cell of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Crystals on Dehydration

Continuous and Discontinuous Changes in the Unit Cell of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Crystals on Dehydration

Imaging single cells in a beam of live cyanobacteria with an X-ray laser

From the Structures of Simple Salts to Those of Sophisticated Viruses

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