An Updating of Withebait Farming (Galaxias maculatus) in Chile

Mardones, Alfonso; Ríos-Escalante, Patricio De los

doi:10.5772/29333

Cited by 3 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…Accordingly, the use of a different galaxiid, such as the giant kokopu, seems worthwhile. This large (up to 58 cm and 2.7 kg; David ) and fecund species is likely to be more robust than the much smaller inanga (maximum length 17 cm; Mardones & Ríos‐Escalante ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…These juveniles are caught during spring in close proximity to river mouths while migrating upstream into adult freshwater habitats (McDowall ). Inanga, also known as the common jollytail, puye, oa or puyen Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns 1842) (Pollard ; Mardones & Ríos‐Escalante ), is the most frequently encountered whitebait species (Chateris, Allibone & Death ). Four additional amphidromous species, the koaro Galaxias brevipinnis (Günther 1866), banded kokopu Galaxias fasciatus (Gray 1842), shortjaw kokopu Galaxias postvectis (Clarke 1899) and giant kokopu Galaxias argenteus (Gmelin 1789), contribute to the whitebait fishery in New Zealand (Chateris et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Not only does whitebait have high cultural significance as a recreational fishery or as a treasured species and a traditional food source for indigenous Māori (McDowall ; Haggerty ), it also has considerable aquaculture potential, as it is regarded a luxury product in a suite of Southern Hemisphere countries. For this reason, the cultivation of whitebait, particularly that of inanga, has received attention in Chile (Mardones, Vega & Encina ; Mardones & Ríos‐Escalante ) and to a lesser extent in New Zealand (Mitchell ). Attempts at artificially rearing whitebait has met with limited success (Mitchell ; Jeffs ; Mardones et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Attempts at artificially rearing whitebait has met with limited success (Mitchell ; Jeffs ; Mardones et al . ; Mardones & Ríos‐Escalante ), partly due to technical obstacles associated with low fecundity and larval survival of inanga (Jeffs ; Mardones et al . ; Mardones & Ríos‐Escalante ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…; Mardones & Ríos‐Escalante ), partly due to technical obstacles associated with low fecundity and larval survival of inanga (Jeffs ; Mardones et al . ; Mardones & Ríos‐Escalante ). Accordingly, the use of a different galaxiid, such as the giant kokopu, seems worthwhile.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of salinity and temperature on artificial cultivation and early ontogeny of giant kokopu, Galaxias argenteus (Gmelin 1789)

et al. 2014

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Attempts at artificial propagation and rearing of juvenile galaxiids ('whitebait') have been hindered by low fecundities and survival. To circumvent these issues, we subjected wild and captivity-acclimated giant kokopu (Galaxias argenteus), a hitherto unexplored galaxiid, to captive breeding protocols and evaluated the effects of salinity and temperature on egg fertilisation, incubation duration and hatching. Eggs sourced over several spawning seasons were subjected to different salinity (0, 9, 15,(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35) and temperature (4, 10, 15 and 17°C) combinations. Average fertilisation rates were highest (95%) when gametes were activated in fresh water (0 PSU) and declined as salinity increased. Average hatch rates were highest (71-68%) when eggs were incubated in fresh water (0 PSU) at 10°C and decreased as salinity and temperature increased. Sequential stages of embryonic development were documented and several year classes of offspring were produced to form a captive breeding colony. We conclude that the giant kokopu has notable reproduction-related qualities that may be useful for future aquaculture exploitation of this species.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of salinity and temperature on artificial cultivation and early ontogeny of giant kokopu, Galaxias argenteus (Gmelin 1789)

et al. 2014

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Improving the weaning of larval giant kōkopu, Galaxias argenteus: An emerging aquaculture species

McKay

Jeffs

2022

J World Aquaculture Soc

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Using live feed in fish larviculture is more expensive and challenging than formulated feeds, incentivizing the early weaning of larvae. In New Zealand, the aquaculture of larval giant k okopu, Galaxias argenteus, is being commercialized because of its high value and to supplement the wild fishery. As an emerging aquaculture species, inefficiencies remain in the production process, inhibiting financial viability. This study reports on the ability of these larvae to consume formulated larval diets across four ages (18, 21, 25, and 28 days after hatching, DAH) at each of the three daily feeding events (Morning, Midday, and Afternoon) during commercial production. At 18 DAH, little to no formulated feed was consumed at either of the three feeding events throughout the day. At 21 DAH, mean gut fullness increased and the number of fish with empty stomachs reduced by the end of the Morning and Afternoon feeding events. Both variables improved further for larvae at 25 and 28 DAH. Formulated feed consumption did not differ between larvae aged 25 and 28 DAH indicating that 3 days of feeding live feed could be removed from the feed regime.This change would save 13% on the cost of live feed; however, further research is required to determine the potential impacts on growth and survival.

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Biological bases for whitebait culture Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1842): a review

Vega

Dantagnan

Mardones

et al. 2017

Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res.

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Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1842), is a gourmet fish of great commercial importance with overexploited fisheries. So, studies of its biology are essential in order to develop a technology for its cultivation (galaxiculture), which is at a pilot stage. The goals of this work are: 1) to provide a synthesis of the literature information on the biology of the species, and 2) to identify the lack of scientific knowledge and critical points for the development of a technology for mass commercial culture. G. maculatus is a small carnivorous fish with euryhaline populations differentiated between diadromic and freshwater. Diadromic populations spawn in the estuaries, and then the larvae migrates to the sea, returning aged 6 months and metamorphosing into adults. Studies of their systematic, populations and larvae stage in Chilean waters are scarce, but studies on feeding, reproduction and diseases are more numerous. One year old females lay about 1,200 adhesive eggs and an important number of them die after the first spawning (40%). G. maculatus has rapid growth (1.1% day-1) and a high metabolism, with an average life of 2 years. They can be cultivated in captivity, spawn and incubate their eggs to obtain larvae; adults eat salmon starter pellets and grow in tanks. The ciliate protozoa Ichtyophthirius multifilis (ich) produces high mortality in larvae and adults in confinement; mortality can be controlled with salt bath. The problems to be solved by research for future commercial fish farming are: recognising and selecting suitable populations for cultivation; increasing the number of eggs spawned by females; develop suitable diets for larvae and broodstock; and controlling ectoparasitic diseases. The critical point is achieving mass production by improving the techniques of reproduction and larviculture.

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An Updating of Withebait Farming (Galaxias maculatus) in Chile

Cited by 3 publications

References 10 publications

Effects of salinity and temperature on artificial cultivation and early ontogeny of giant kokopu, Galaxias argenteus (Gmelin 1789)

Effects of salinity and temperature on artificial cultivation and early ontogeny of giant kokopu, Galaxias argenteus (Gmelin 1789)

Improving the weaning of larval giant kōkopu, Galaxias argenteus: An emerging aquaculture species

Biological bases for whitebait culture Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1842): a review

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