An Updated Review of Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease

Latimer, Kenneth S.; Rakich, Pauline M.; Niagro, Frank D.; Ritchie, Branson W.; Steffens, W. L.; Campagnoli, Raymond P.; Pesti, Denise; Lukert, P. D.

doi:10.2307/27671074

Cited by 38 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…Particularly, PMWS-affected pigs show histiocytic infiltration and lymphocyte depletion of both follicle centers and parafollicular zones, symptoms associated with the presence of PCV2 (18). Consequently, members of this viral family have been supposed to be immunosuppressive (1,10,14).…”

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confidence: 99%

Changes in CD4 ⁺ , CD8 ⁺ , CD4 ⁺ CD8 ⁺ , and Immunoglobulin M-Positive Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome-Affected Pigs and Age-Matched Uninfected Wasted and Healthy Pigs Correlate with Lesions and Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Load in Lymphoid Tissues

Darwich¹,

Segalés

Domingo

et al. 2002

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Forty-one 8-to 12-week-old wasted pigs were selected from several conventional farms with histories of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and classified into two groups according to their porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection status, as determined by in situ hybridization (ISH). Twenty-four pigs tested positive for PCV2 (PCV2-positive group), while 17 pigs tested negative for PCV2 (PCV2-negative group). In addition, eight uninfected healthy pigs from an experimental farm were used as controls. Heparinized blood samples were taken to obtain peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The CD4, and immunoglobulin M-positive (IgM ؉ ) cell subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry with appropriate monoclonal antibodies. Histopathological studies were done to evaluate the apparent degrees of lymphocyte depletion in different lymphoid organs (superficial inguinal and mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, tonsils, and spleen) and to determine the viral load of the PCV2 genome by using an ISH technique. Animals of the PCV2-positive group showed a significant downshift of the CD8 ؉ and DP cell subsets compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, in PCV2-positive pigs, the amount of PCV2 genome in lymphoid tissues was related to the degree of cell depletion in those tissues (P < 0.05) as well as to the relative decrease in IgM ؉ and CD8 ؉ cells in peripheral blood. These data support the notion that PCV2-positive pigs might have an impaired immune response.

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confidence: 99%

Changes in CD4 ⁺ , CD8 ⁺ , CD4 ⁺ CD8 ⁺ , and Immunoglobulin M-Positive Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome-Affected Pigs and Age-Matched Uninfected Wasted and Healthy Pigs Correlate with Lesions and Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Load in Lymphoid Tissues

Darwich¹,

Segalés

Domingo

et al. 2002

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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“…Clinical symptoms generally progress to weight loss, feather dystrophy and loss and, in severe cases, deformities of the beak and claws (16). PBFD is commonly associated with immunodeficiencyrelated diseases caused by depletion of lymphoid tissue (21), with damage to the lymphoreticular tissue being most pronounced in the bursa of Fabricius and the thymus (9). Affected birds frequently succumb to secondary infections, such as peritonitis, chlamydiosis, and mycotic ventriculitis (28).…”

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Evidence of Unique Genotypes of Beak and Feather Disease Virus in Southern Africa

Heath

Martin

Warburton³

et al. 2004

J Virol

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Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD), caused by Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), is the most significant infectious disease in psittacines. PBFD is thought to have originated in Australia but is now found worldwide; in Africa, it threatens the survival of the indigenous endangered Cape parrot and the vulnerable black-cheeked lovebird. We investigated the genetic diversity of putative BFDVs from southern Africa. Feathers and heparinized blood samples were collected from 27 birds representing 9 psittacine species, all showing clinical signs of PBFD. DNA extracted from these samples was used for PCR amplification of the putative BFDV coat protein (CP) gene. The nucleotide sequences of the CP genes of 19 unique BFDV isolates were determined and compared with the 24 previously described sequences of BFDV isolates from Australasia and America. Phylogenetic analysis revealed eight BFDV lineages, with the southern African isolates representing at least three distinctly unique genotypes; 10 complete genome sequences were determined, representing at least one of every distinct lineage. The nucleotide diversity of the southern African isolates was calculated to be 6.4% and is comparable to that found in Australia and New Zealand. BFDVs in southern Africa have, however, diverged substantially from viruses found in other parts of the world, as the average distance between the southern African isolates and BFDV isolates from Australia ranged from 8.3 to 10.8%. In addition to point mutations, recombination was found to contribute substantially to the level of genetic variation among BFDVs, with evidence of recombination in all but one of the genomes analyzed.

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“…Most of the lesions observed in both groups of birds (1-week-old birds and 2-month-old-birds) and the detection of PBFDV and APV viralspecific DNA had been previously described in the scientific literature about PBFDV (Latimer et al, 1991a;Ritchie & Latimer, 1995a) and APV (Bernier et al, 1981;Davis et al, 1981;Dykstra & Bozeman, 1982;Ritchie & Latimer, 1995b) as single infections. However, the lesions observed in smooth muscle fibres in arterial walls associated with basophilic nuclear inclusions (APV probe positive) had never been described previously in APV infections.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Frequently, diagnosis of these two diseases by means of routine histological techniques is difficult because nuclear inclusions in both diseases may appear similar (Latimer et al, 1991a). Advanced techniques such as immunoperoxidase staining, DNA in situ hybridization or the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with DNA dot-blot hybridization are necessary to specifically identify the aetiologic agent in tissue sections (Latimer et al, 1991b.…”

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A concurrent outbreak of psittacine beak and feather disease virus, and avian polyomavirus infection in budgerigars(Melopsittacus undulatus)

Ramis¹,

Latimer

Gibert³

et al. 1998

Avian Pathology

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A dual natural infection with psittacine beak and feather disease virus and budgerigar fledgling disease virus in a breeding aviary of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) is described. One-hundred per cent of newly-hatched birds were affected and mortality was high (85%). Most surviving birds had diarrhoea, feather alterations and 30% mortality after a 5-to 10-week period. Necropsies of 1-week-old and 2-month-old birds demonstrated non-specific lesions, but histologically nuclear inclusions suggestive of viral infection (adenovirus, herpesvirus, polyomavirus) and also cytoplasmic inclusions suggestive of beak and feather disease were seen in integument and internal organs. Staining of tissues with viral specific DNA probes for psittacine beak and feather disease virus and for avian polyomavirus demonstrated simultaneous presence of viral DNA from both viruses in some birds. This is the first description of a concurrent outbreak of psittacine beak and feather disease virus and avian polyomavirus infection in a breeding aviary.

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An Updated Review of Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease

Cited by 38 publications

References 0 publications

Evidence of Unique Genotypes of Beak and Feather Disease Virus in Southern Africa

A concurrent outbreak of psittacine beak and feather disease virus, and avian polyomavirus infection in budgerigars(Melopsittacus undulatus)

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An Updated Review of Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease

Cited by 38 publications

References 0 publications

Changes in CD4 + , CD8 + , CD4 + CD8 + , and Immunoglobulin M-Positive Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome-Affected Pigs and Age-Matched Uninfected Wasted and Healthy Pigs Correlate with Lesions and Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Load in Lymphoid Tissues

Changes in CD4 + , CD8 + , CD4 + CD8 + , and Immunoglobulin M-Positive Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome-Affected Pigs and Age-Matched Uninfected Wasted and Healthy Pigs Correlate with Lesions and Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Load in Lymphoid Tissues

Evidence of Unique Genotypes of Beak and Feather Disease Virus in Southern Africa

A concurrent outbreak of psittacine beak and feather disease virus, and avian polyomavirus infection in budgerigars(Melopsittacus undulatus)

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