An Updated Review of Porcine Deltacoronavirus in Terms of Prevalence, Pathogenicity, Pathogenesis and Antiviral Strategy

Abstract

The recent experience with SARS-COV-2 has raised our alarm about the cross-species transmissibility of coronaviruses and the emergence of new coronaviruses. Knowledge of this family of viruses needs to be constantly updated. Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), a newly emerging member of the genus Deltacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae, is a swine enteropathogen that causes diarrhea in pigs and may lead to death in severe cases. Since PDCoV diarrhea first broke out in the United States in early 2014, PDCoV has been detected in many countries, such as South Korea, Japan and China. More importantly, PDCoV can also infect species other than pigs, and infections have even been reported in children, highlighting its potential for cross-species transmission. A thorough and systematic knowledge of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of PDCoV will not only help us control PDCoV infection, but also enable us to discover the common cellular pathways and key factors of coronaviruses. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the prevalence, pathogenicity and infection dynamics, pathogenesis and immune evasion strategies of PDCoV. The existing anti-PDCoV strategies and corresponding mechanisms of PDCoV infection are also introduced, aiming to provide suggestions for the prevention and treatment of PDCoV and zoonotic diseases.

Development of a colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay strip using monoclonal antibody for rapid detection of porcine deltacoronavirus

“…We found that PDCoV can infect swines of different ages, while piglets are more susceptible. In experimental infection researches, we also confirmed that calves, chickens, mice, turkey poults are susceptible to infecting PDCoV (Duan, 2021). Even in November 2021, Lednicky et al (2021) first reported that cross-species transmission of PDCoV may have occurred from swines to children in Haiti.…”

“…Even independent infections of PDCoV among Haitian children have been reported ( Lednicky et al, 2021 ). Experimental infection studies showed that calves, chickens, turkey poults, mice are susceptible to infection with PDCoV, standing for its potential for cross-species transmission ( Woo et al, 2012 ; Duan, 2021 ). The PDCoV outbreak has exhibited a global spread and caused significant economic losses in pig industry worldwide.…”

“…The complete genome of PDCoV is approximately 25.4 kb in length ( Zhang et al, 2019 ; Tang et al, 2021 ), making it the smallest genome known among Coronaviruses (CoVs). The genome arrangements of PDCoV are as follows: 5’UTR-ORF1a-ORF1b-S-E-M-NS6-N-NS7-3’UTR ( Duan, 2021 ; Jin et al, 2021 ; Tang et al, 2021 ). ORF1a and ORF1b occupy the 5′-proximal two-thirds of the complete genome and code for two overlapping replicase precursor polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab, which are cleaved into non-structural proteins which involved in viral replication and transcription.…”

Development and Clinical Applications of a 5-Plex Real-Time RT-PCR for Swine Enteric Coronaviruses

“…PDCoV was first reported in the feces of domestic pigs in Hong Kong, China in 2012 [ 17 ] but its association with pig diarrhea was not reported until 2014 in the U.S. and the virus rapidly spread to multiple states in the U.S. [ 18 , 19 ]. Subsequent to the U.S. introduction, PDCoV has since been detected in many other countries such as Canada, mainland China, Thailand, South Korea, Japan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Vietnam, Mexico, and Peru [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. SADS-CoV was first detected in China in 2017 [ 24 , 25 , 26 ] and, in addition to the name SADS-CoV, other names such as porcine enteric alphacoronavirus (PEAV) and swine enteric alphacoronavirus (SeACoV) have also been used to describe this virus [ 24 , 25 ].…”

Development of a multiplex RT-PCR method for the detection of four porcine enteric coronaviruses

“…It was detected in the feces of diarrhea piglets and sows in the United States in February 2014. Subsequently, the virus was found in the United States, Canada, South Korea, India and Thailand, showing a trend of widespread global spread ( 15 ). More notably, research data since 2017 have revealed cross-species transmission and potential zoonotic diseases of swine δ coronavirus from pigs to humans ( 16 ).…”