An updated review of atmospheric mercury

Lyman, Seth; Cheng, Irene; Gratz, Lynne E.; Weiss-Penzias, P. S.; Zhang, Leiming

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135575

Cited by 136 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 324 publications

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“…Two Tekran mercury speciation systems were deployed at the site from 2008 to 2012, which allowed for truly continuous measurements of GOM and PBM, the collection of quality control and quality assurance data, and testing methodological refinements [21]. Recent studies [23][24][25][26] have reported that GOM measurements with KCl-coated denuders may underestimate the atmospheric concentrations of GOM. McClure et al [26] found a lower collection efficiency of GOM on KCl-coated denuders that are impacted by ozone and humidity due to the release of GEM from the denuder.…”

Section: Measurements Of Speciated Mercurymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Meteorological parameters (temperature, pressure, relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed and direction, and solar radiation) were also measured. Since 2010, weeklyintegrated precipitation samples have been collected at the site for subsequent chemical analysis of Recent studies [23][24][25][26] have reported that GOM measurements with KCl-coated denuders may underestimate the atmospheric concentrations of GOM. McClure et al [26] found a lower collection efficiency of GOM on KCl-coated denuders that are impacted by ozone and humidity due to the release of GEM from the denuder.…”

Section: Ancillary Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long-Term Observations of Atmospheric Speciated Mercury at a Coastal Site in the Northern Gulf of Mexico during 2007–2018

et al. 2020

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Atmospheric mercury species (gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM), and particulate-bound mercury (PBM)), trace pollutants (O 3 , SO 2 , CO, NO, NO Y , and black carbon), and meteorological parameters have been continuously measured since 2007 at an Atmospheric Mercury Network (AMNet) site that is located on the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico in Moss Point, Mississippi. For the data that were collected between 2007 and 2018, the average concentrations and standard deviations are 1.39 ± 0.22 ng m −3 for GEM, 5.1 ± 10.2 pg m −3 for GOM, 5.9 ± 13.0 pg m −3 for PBM, and 309 ± 407 ng m −2 wk −1 for mercury wet deposition, with interannual trends of −0.009 ng m −3 yr −1 for GEM, −0.36 pg m −3 yr −1 for GOM, 0.18 pg m −3 yr −1 for PBM, and 2.8 ng m −2 wk −1 yr −1 for mercury wet deposition. The diurnal variation of GEM shows lower concentrations in the early morning due to GEM depletion, likely due to plant uptake in high humidity events and slight elevation during the day, likely due to downward mixing to the surface of higher concentrations of GEM in the air aloft. The seasonal variation of GEM shows higher levels in winter and spring and lower levels in summer and fall. Diurnal variations of both GOM and PBM show broad peaks in the afternoon likely due to the photochemical oxidation of GEM. Seasonally, PBM measurements exhibit higher levels in winter and early spring and lower levels in summer with rising levels in fall, while GOM measurements show high levels in late spring/early summer and late fall and low levels in winter. The seasonal variation of mercury wet deposition shows higher values in summer and lower values in winter, due to larger rainfall amounts in summer than in winter. As expected, anticorrelation between mercury wet deposition and the sum of GOM and PBM, but positive correlation between mercury wet deposition and rainfall were observed. Correlation among GOM, ozone, and SO 2 suggests possible different GOM sources: direct emissions and photochemical oxidation of GEM, with the possible influence of boundary layer dynamics and seasonal variability. This study indicates that the monitoring site experiences are impacted from local and regional mercury sources as well as large scale mercury cycling phenomena.

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Section: Measurements Of Speciated Mercurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ancillary Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Observations of Atmospheric Speciated Mercury at a Coastal Site in the Northern Gulf of Mexico during 2007–2018

et al. 2020

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“…Mercury in throughfall also includes a portion of previously dry-deposited mercury (the portion that is washed off from the canopy). Concurrent measurements of litterfall, throughfall, and open-space wet deposition measurements can be used to estimate dry deposition on seasonal or longer time scales, whereby dry deposition is approximated as litterfall plus throughfall minus open-space wet deposition [64][65].…”

Section: Exchange Of Mercury Between Atmospheric and Terrestrial Ecosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mercury in the terrestrial environment: a review

Gworek¹,

Dmuchowski²,

Baczewska-Dąbrowska

2020

Preprint

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Environmental contamination by mercury is and will continue to be a serious risk for human health. Pollution of the terrestrial environment is particularly important as it is a place of human life and food production. Publication presents a review of the literature on issues related to Hg pollution of the terrestrial environment: soil and plants and their transformations. Different forms of atmospheric Hg may be deposited on surfaces by way of wet and dry processes. These forms may be sequestered within terrestrial compartments or emitted back into the atmosphere, and the relative importance of these processes is dependent on the form of Hg, the surface chemistry, and the environmental conditions. On the land surface, Hg deposition mainly occurs in the oxidized form (Hg 2+ ), and its transformations are associated primarily with the oxidation-reduction potential of the environment and the biological and chemical processes of methylation. The deposition of Hg on ground with low vegetation as 3–5 times lower than that in forests. The estimation of Hg emissions from soil and plants, which occur mainly in the Hg 0 form, is very difficult. Generally, the largest amounts of Hg are emitted from tropical regions, and the lowest levels are from the polar regions.

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“…S. Osterwalder et al: Eddy covariance flux measurements 1998; Fitzgerald et al, 2007;Mason et al, 2012;Braune et al, 2015).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wet deposition of Hg(II) via rain and snowfall is relatively well quantified by Hg deposition networks such as the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP), the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) and the Asia-Pacific Mercury Monitoring Network (APMMN). Dry deposition of Hg(II) is difficult to measure, and its contribution to total Hg deposition remains uncertain (Gustin et al, 2013;Jaffe et al, 2014;Miller et al, 2018;Lyman et al, 2020). Mercury stable isotope fingerprints have identified Hg 0 as the dominant deposition pathway to terrestrial surfaces.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Eddy covariance flux measurements of gaseous elemental mercury over a grassland

et al. 2020

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Direct measurements of the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of gaseous elemental mercury (Hg 0 ) are important to improve our understanding of global Hg cycling and, ultimately, human and wildlife Hg exposure. The lack of long-term, ecosystem-scale measurements causes large uncertainties in Hg 0 flux estimates. It currently remains unclear whether terrestrial ecosystems are net sinks or sources of atmospheric Hg 0 . Here, we show a detailed validation of direct Hg 0 flux measurements based on the eddy covariance technique (Eddy Mercury) using a Lumex RA-915 AM mercury monitor. The flux detection limit derived from a zero-flux experiment in the laboratory was 0.22 ng m −2 h −1 (maximum) with a 50 % cutoff at 0.074 ng m −2 h −1 . We present eddy covariance NEE measurements of Hg 0 over a low-Hg soil (41-75 ng Hg g −1 in the topsoil, referring to a depth of 0-10 cm), conducted in summer 2018 at a managed grassland at the Swiss FluxNet site in Chamau, Switzerland (CH-Cha). The statistical estimate of the Hg 0 flux detection limit under outdoor conditions at the site was 5.9 ng m −2 h −1 (50 % cutoff). We measured a net summertime emission over a period of 34 d with a median Hg 0 flux of 2.5 ng m −2 h −1 (with a −0.6 to 7.4 ng m −2 h −1 range between the 25th and 75th percentiles). We observed a distinct diel cycle with higher median daytime fluxes (8.4 ng m −2 h −1 ) than nighttime fluxes (1.0 ng m −2 h −1 ). Drought stress during the measurement campaign in summer 2018 induced partial stomata closure of vegetation. Partial stomata closure led to a midday depression in CO 2 uptake, which did not recover during the afternoon. The median CO 2 flux was only 24 % of the median CO 2 flux measured during the same period in the previous year (2017). We suggest that partial stomata closure also dampened Hg 0 uptake by vegetation, resulting in a NEE of Hg 0 that was dominated by soil emission. Finally, we provide suggestions to further improve the precision and handling of the "Eddy Mercury" system in order to assure its suitability for long-term NEE measurements of Hg 0 over natural background surfaces with low soil Hg concentrations (< 100 ng g −1 ). With these improvements, Eddy Mercury has the potential to be integrated into global networks of micrometeorological tower sites (FluxNet) and to provide the longterm observations on terrestrial atmosphere Hg 0 exchange necessary to validate regional and global mercury models.

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An updated review of atmospheric mercury

Cited by 136 publications

References 324 publications

Long-Term Observations of Atmospheric Speciated Mercury at a Coastal Site in the Northern Gulf of Mexico during 2007–2018

Long-Term Observations of Atmospheric Speciated Mercury at a Coastal Site in the Northern Gulf of Mexico during 2007–2018

Mercury in the terrestrial environment: a review

Eddy covariance flux measurements of gaseous elemental mercury over a grassland

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