An updated proposal for classification of infectious salmon anemia virus strains

Cárdenas, Constanza; Ojeda, Nicolás; Labra, Álvaro; Marshall, Sergio H.

doi:10.1007/s00705-017-3440-z

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Furthermore, for this particular group, it considers the addition of sub‐indices and finally generates an exceptional category in non‐canonical HPR‐deleted variants (Cárdenas et al . ). This new vision will allow a better classification of future viral isolates and the understanding of their potential differences both in their mechanisms of infection and in the avoidance of the immune system.…”

Section: Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virusmentioning

confidence: 97%

Addressing viral and bacterial threats to salmon farming in Chile: historical contexts and perspectives for management and control

Figueroa

Cárcamo

Yáñez

et al. 2019

Reviews in Aquaculture

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The rapid growth of the salmon farming industry in Chile has led to the appearance of various viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal pathogens affecting farmed fish. The Chilean salmon industry has suffered several health crises associated with high fish mortalities, such as caused by the infectious salmon anaemia virus (2007) and harmful algal blooms (2016). In addition to these events, marine farms are continuously affected by outbreaks of harmful pathogens, including the bacteria Piscirickettsia salmonis and, most recently, a reappearance of Renibacterium salmoninarum, and the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. These outbreaks have led to stricter regulations, but the salmon farming industry continues to struggle despite reforms. In addition to the aforementioned pathogens, which are a continuous threat, other apparently under control pathogens have also reappeared in recent years. In this review, we analyse the current state of knowledge on four of the main pathogens affecting salmon farming in Chile. The infectious pancreatic necrosis virus is relevant as it affects freshwater‐stage fish, with survivors then acting as carriers. The infectious salmon anaemia virus currently appears to be under control; however, P. salmonis and R. salmoninarum continue to be the cause for high mortalities in the Chilean aquaculture industry.

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Section: Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virusmentioning

confidence: 97%

Addressing viral and bacterial threats to salmon farming in Chile: historical contexts and perspectives for management and control

Figueroa

Cárcamo

Yáñez

et al. 2019

Reviews in Aquaculture

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show abstract

“…Phylogenetic analyses of segments 2 and 8, encoding PB1 and 2 nonstructural proteins, respectively, support the classification of ISAV into 2 major genogroups from North America (including Canada and the USA) and Europe; however, studies have begun to classify ISAV by surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin esterase (HE, segment 6) and fusion protein (F, segment 5) that contribute to its pathogenicity. 10,25,26,28 These types of targeted studies result in incomplete genomes of record for individual ISAV isolates within the NCBI database; and, to date, most attempts to describe the relatedness of different ISAV strains have been based on one or several loci, but rarely are whole, multipartite genomes considered. 25 This paucity of information combined with the high mutability of RNA viruses presents an opportunity for WGS to enhance molecular phylogenomics and outbreak tracing in aquaculture.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of laboratory methods for characterization of aquatic viruses in fish infected experimentally with infectious salmon anemia virus

Eckstrand,

Torrevillas,

Wolking

et al. 2023

J VET Diagn Invest

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Rapid growth in aquaculture has resulted in high-density production systems in ecologically and geographically novel conditions in which the emergence of diseases is inevitable. Well-characterized methods for detection and surveillance of infectious diseases are vital for rapid identification, response, and recovery to protect economic and food security. We implemented a proof-of-concept approach for virus detection using a known high-consequence fish pathogen, infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV), as the archetypal pathogen. In fish infected with ISAV, we integrated histopathology, virus isolation, whole-genome sequencing (WGS), electron microscopy (EM), in situ hybridization (ISH), and reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-rtPCR). Fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed tissues were collected from virus-infected, control, and sham-infected Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar). Microscopic differences were not evident between uninfected and infected fish. Viral cytopathic effect was observed in cell cultures inoculated with fresh-frozen tissue homogenates from 3 of 3 ISAV-infected and 0 of 4 uninfected or sham-infected fish. The ISAV genome was detected by shotgun metagenomics in RNA extracted from the medium from 3 of 3 inoculated cell cultures, 3 of 3 infected fish, and 0 of 4 uninfected or sham-infected fish, yielding sufficient coverage for de novo assembly. An ISH probe against ISAV revealed ISAV genome in multiple organs, with abundance in renal hematopoietic tissue. Virus was detected by RT-rtPCR in gill, heart, kidney, liver, and spleen. EM and metagenomic WGS from tissues were challenging and unsuccessful. Our proof-of-concept methodology has promise for detection and characterization of unknown aquatic pathogens and also highlights some associated methodology challenges that require additional investigation.

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“…All currently known influenza pathogens belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae and are divided into genera: Influenzavirus A, B, C, D, as well as Quaranjavirus, Thogotovirus and Isavirus; the last two infect rabbit-like mammals and salmon fish [2,3,4]. Representatives of Quaranjavirus found among both invertebrates (ticks) and vertebrates (water birds) hosts [5].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza D Viruses - Pathogens Forming a New Genus in the Orthomyxoviridae Family

Zhumatov

Kazakhstan²,

Kydyrmanov³

et al. 2020

Series of Biological and Medical

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Influenza pathogens belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and are divided into genera: Influenzavirus A, B, C, D, as well as Quaranjavirus, Thogotovirus, and Isavirus. For the first time, the influenza D virus was isolated from swine nasal swabs in 2011 in the United States, and its widespread distribution among cattle in France, China, Italy, Ireland, Japan, and several African countries, as well as its ability to infect ferrets, guinea pigs, is further shown. Antibodies to influenza D virus are found in the blood serum of horses, sheep, goats, and in people who have been in contact with cattle. The RNA genome of the influenza D virus is represented by seven fragments responsible for the synthesis of nine proteins. The longest three segments encode for polymerases PB2, PB1, and P3; the fourth and fifth segments encode for hemagglutinin-esterase fusion protein – HEF and nucleoprotein – NP, respectively. The sixth fragment is involved in the synthesis of membrane polypeptides DM1 and DM2, which, in accordance, lines the viral membrane from the inside and performs the function of proton channels. The seventh segment encodes the non-structural protein NS1 and the nuclear export protein NEP; NS1 helps to neutralize cellular interferon and NEP mediates the nuclear export of ribonucleoprotein. Three phylogenetic lines of the influenza virus D are described – D/OK, D/660, and D/Japan, which must be taken into account when preparing vaccines. It is concluded that from its epidemiological, pathological and biological characteristics, the potential ability to cause disease in humans and be transmitted from person to person, new, more in-depth studies are required using ecological-virological and molecular genetic methods.

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An updated proposal for classification of infectious salmon anemia virus strains

Cited by 4 publications

References 21 publications

Addressing viral and bacterial threats to salmon farming in Chile: historical contexts and perspectives for management and control

Addressing viral and bacterial threats to salmon farming in Chile: historical contexts and perspectives for management and control

Investigation of laboratory methods for characterization of aquatic viruses in fish infected experimentally with infectious salmon anemia virus

Influenza D Viruses - Pathogens Forming a New Genus in the Orthomyxoviridae Family

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