An updated comprehensive techno-economic analysis of algae biodiesel

Nagarajan, Sanjay; Chou, S.K.; Cao, S; Wu, Chen; Zhou, Zhi

doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.108

Cited by 187 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Microalgae biomass is a sustainable option for AD due to its high presence of starch, proteins and lipids and lack of lignin [2], [3] The production of oil from algae range from 5.87L/m2 to 13.69L/m2 which is 10-23 times greater than that of the highest oil producing terrestrial oil crop, palm. Also that, the land requirement is 10-340 times smaller than that of the other terrestrial counterparts [13]. But the major disadvantage of the microalgae biomass is the high expenditure for infrastructure and the considerable energy requirements for harvesting, dewatering and associated downstream processes of the relatively diluted algae cultures [14].…”

Section: Algae Biomass Utilization For Ad -Review Of Prospects Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaerobic Digestion of Micro and Macro Algae, Pre-treatment and Co-Digestion-Biomass — A Review for a Better Practice

Paul¹,

Melville²,

Sulu³

2016

IJESD

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Abstract-Anaerobic digestion (AD) of algae biomass has been investigated since long. However to enhance full scale commercial future prospects of algal bio technology, it is important to develop methods for better utilisation of the algae biomass. For effective AD involving algae biomass, there is still a need for intensifying algae biomass digestion. Pre-treatment practices on micro and macro algae improve the digestibility of the algae biomass and an increase in biogas yield. Co-digestion of algae biomass with BWW, sewage sludge and agricultural waste is a promising sustainable strategy as it enhances AD and helps in the safe disposal of different wastes. Combining pre-treatment and co-digestion provides a better practice of the AD process. Utilisation of AD of algae biomass, and the potential of AD of algae biomass with three co-digestion feedstock -Sewage sludge, spent grain and agricultural waste are further discussed. This paper concludes that AD can act as a better 'connecting link' in the algae bio technology providing economic viability and sustainable practice.Index Terms-Anaerobic digestion, algae biomass, co-digestion, pre-treatment. I. INTRODUCTIONConversion of biomass into renewable energy has been one of the key areas of research for the past few decades. A large body of research has been published on renewable energy from algae -micro and macro, which have become a representative of biomass resources with great bio diversity and variability in their biochemical composition [1]. It becomes a sustainable option for AD due to its high presence of starch, proteins and lipids and lack of lignin [2], [3]. Developing research on algae biomass has both economic and environmental sustainability concerns which involve operational efficiency, minimization of environmental impact and socio-economic considerations [4]. To enhance full scale commercial future prospects for algal bio technology, it is then important to develop methods to enhance the valorisation of the algae biomass. AD, a spontaneous process mediated by the micro-organisms does not require cost intensive advanced dewatering or further chemical extraction processes for energy generation from the digested algae biomass. However to increase the utilization of AD involving algae biomass, current research suggests that there is still a need for optimizing algae biomass digestion [5]. Since AD involves the biological degradation of organic matter, adequate pre-treatments favouring disintegration and solubilisation of high molecular compounds can improve biomass degradability [6]. With increased biomass digestion, research reports increased methane production by digesting other organic feedstock with algae biomass by process called as co-digestion [7]. Therefore, AD can act as a ‗connecting link' in the algae biotechnology providing economic viability and sustainable practice by incorporating effective substrate pre-treatment and co-digestion practices. II. ALGAE BIOMASS UTILIZATION FOR AD -REVIEW OF PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGESBiomass as a renewable ene...

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Section: Algae Biomass Utilization For Ad -Review Of Prospects Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaerobic Digestion of Micro and Macro Algae, Pre-treatment and Co-Digestion-Biomass — A Review for a Better Practice

Paul¹,

Melville²,

Sulu³

2016

IJESD

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“…Typically, bioethanol can be produced by food crops, such as corn and sugarcane, or lignocellulosic biomass, which is non edible plant and energy crops (Nagarajan et al, 2013). With the aim of producing 36 billion gallons of ethanol per year by 2022, 16 billion gallons was supposed to come from cellulosic biomass (Schnoor, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of sealing and open conditions for long term storage of corn stover using low-moisture anhydrous ammonia pretreatment method

Yang¹,

Rosentrater²

2016

Industrial Crops and Products

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As a promising material for bioethanol production, corn stover has been studied under various pretreatment methods prior to production of bioethanol. However, the storage of pretreated corn stover is still challenged by both weather conditions and the physical properties of its own. The objective of this experiment is to evaluate the effect of low-moisture anhydrous ammonia (LMAA) pretreatment method on biomass quality during long periods of storage. In this study, corn stover was contacted with various ammonia loadings (0, 0.1, and 0.2 g/g DM biomass) and moisture content (20 wt.%, 40 wt.%, and 60 wt.%) from 1 day to 90 days both in sealed and open containers. As a result, the mass loss in sealed container increased with time; however, the mass loss in open container was affected by the conditions of the environment.

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“…In addition, flue gas also contains cytotoxic nitrogen oxides (NOx, > 90% as nitric oxide), and the reaction products of NOx emissions, ozone (O 3 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O), are also potent greenhouse gases (EPA, 2014). Harnessing both CO 2 and NOx emissions from flue gas as nutrient sources for Heterosigma growth could theoretically reduce operating costs for biomass production by 50% (Douskova et al, 2009;Nagarajan et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Marine Microalga, Heterosigma akashiwo, Converts Industrial Waste Gases into Valuable Biomass

et al. 2015

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Heterosigma akashiwo is an excellent candidate for growth on industrial emissions since this alga has the ability to metabolize gaseous nitric oxide (NO) into cellular nitrogen via a novel chimeric protein (NR2-2/2HbN) and also tolerates wide fluctuations in temperature, salinity, and nutrient conditions. Here, we evaluated biomass productivity and composition, photosynthetic efficiency, and expression of NR2-2/2HbN for Heterosigma growing on simulated flue gas containing 12% CO 2 and 150 ppm NO. Biomass productivity of Heterosigma more than doubled in flue gas conditions compared to controls, reflecting a 13-fold increase in carbohydrate and a 2-fold increase in protein productivity. Lipid productivity was not affected by flue gas and the valuable omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, constituted up to 16% of total fatty acid methyl esters. Photochemical measurements indicated that photosynthesis in Heterosigma is not inhibited by high CO 2 and NO concentrations, and increases in individual fatty acids in response to flue gas were driven by photosynthetic requirements. Growth rates and maximum cell densities of Heterosigma grown on simulated flue gas without supplemental nitrogen, along with a significant increase in NR2-2/2HbN transcript abundance in response to flue gas, demonstrated that nitrogen derived from NO gas is biologically available to support enhanced CO 2 fixation. Together, these results illustrate the robustness of this alga for commercial-scale biomass production and bioremediation of industrial emissions.

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An updated comprehensive techno-economic analysis of algae biodiesel

Cited by 187 publications

References 20 publications

Anaerobic Digestion of Micro and Macro Algae, Pre-treatment and Co-Digestion-Biomass — A Review for a Better Practice

Anaerobic Digestion of Micro and Macro Algae, Pre-treatment and Co-Digestion-Biomass — A Review for a Better Practice

Comparison of sealing and open conditions for long term storage of corn stover using low-moisture anhydrous ammonia pretreatment method

The Marine Microalga, Heterosigma akashiwo, Converts Industrial Waste Gases into Valuable Biomass

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