An update to polyketide synthase and non-ribosomal synthetase genes and nomenclature in Fusarium

Hansen, Frederik Teilfeldt; Gardiner, Donald M.; Lysøe, Erik; Fuertes, Patricia Romans; Tudzynski, Bettina; Wiemann, Philipp; Søndergaard, Teis Esben; Giese, Henriette; Brodersen, D.E.; Sørensen, Jens Laurids

doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2014.12.004

Cited by 116 publications

(133 citation statements)

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“…Notable instances include the transcription factor EBR1 [41, 42], key component of the RNA silencing pathway Dicer2 [43] and the secondary metabolite backbone gene PKS8 [44]. In the case of EBR1 , up to 11 duplications were found.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Living apart together: crosstalk between the core and supernumerary genomes in a fungal plant pathogen

et al. 2016

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BackgroundEukaryotes display remarkable genome plasticity, which can include supernumerary chromosomes that differ markedly from the core chromosomes. Despite the widespread occurrence of supernumerary chromosomes in fungi, their origin, relation to the core genome and the reason for their divergent characteristics are still largely unknown. The complexity of genome assembly due to the presence of repetitive DNA partially accounts for this.ResultsHere we use single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing to assemble the genome of a prominent fungal wheat pathogen, Fusarium poae, including at least one supernumerary chromosome. The core genome contains limited transposable elements (TEs) and no gene duplications, while the supernumerary genome holds up to 25 % TEs and multiple gene duplications. The core genome shows all hallmarks of repeat-induced point mutation (RIP), a defense mechanism against TEs, specific for fungi. The absence of RIP on the supernumerary genome accounts for the differences between the two (sub)genomes, and results in a functional crosstalk between them. The supernumerary genome is a reservoir for TEs that migrate to the core genome, and even large blocks of supernumerary sequence (>200 kb) have recently translocated to the core. Vice versa, the supernumerary genome acts as a refuge for genes that are duplicated from the core genome.ConclusionsFor the first time, a mechanism was determined that explains the differences that exist between the core and supernumerary genome in fungi. Different biology rather than origin was shown to be responsible. A “living apart together” crosstalk exists between the core and supernumerary genome, accelerating chromosomal and organismal evolution.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2941-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Living apart together: crosstalk between the core and supernumerary genomes in a fungal plant pathogen

et al. 2016

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“…While the majority of fungal secondary metabolism has been characterized through molecular genetics and chemical approaches, sequencing of fungal genomes has uncovered a greater potential of secondary metabolism, even well-characterized species (e.g. [5,6]). Although secondary metabolism exists across Kingdom Fungi (Figure 2), here we focus on the well-characterized plant endophytes and plant pathogens from the Ascomycota classes Sordariomycetes, Dothideomycetes and Eurotiomycetes.…”

Section: Diversity Of Fungal Secondary Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenomics and evolution of secondary metabolism in plant-associated fungi

Spatafora

Bushley

2015

Current Opinion in Plant Biology

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Fungi produce a myriad of secondary metabolites, compounds that are not required for basic cellular processes, but are thought to be central to ecological functions. Genomic sequencing of fungi has revealed a greater diversity of secondary metabolism than previously realized, including novel taxonomic distributions of known compounds and uncharacterized gene clusters in well-studied organisms. Here we provide an overview of the major groups of metabolites, their ecological functions, the genetic systems that produce them, and the patterns and processes associated with evolutionary diversification of secondary metabolism in plant-associated filamentous ascomycetes.

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“…Many of the PKSs and NPRSs are shared between different Fusaria, but some are also exclusive to some or even just one. F. pseudograminearum shares almost all PKSs and NPRSs with the closely related F. graminearum, but the PKS40 and the NPRS32 are exclusively found in F. pseudograminearum and produce the polyketide non-ribosomal peptide fused compounds W493 A and B (Hansen et al, 2015). A further genomic analysis identified 67 putative gene clusters with a significant enrichment of predicted secondary metabolism related enzymatic functions in F. graminearum, of which 57 had orthologs in F. pseudograminearum (Sieber et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Other secondary metabolites produced by F. pseudograminearum are the polyketides zearalenone and fusarin and non-ribosomal peptides, like ferricrocin and fusarinine (reviewed in Hansen et al, 2015). Comparative genome analysis from the afore mentioned study identified 14 putative polyketide synthases (PKS) and 16 non-ribosomal peptide synthases (NPRS) in F. pseudograminearum, whereas only the products of 8 PKSs and of 4 NPRSs are known (Hansen et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Comparative genome analysis from the afore mentioned study identified 14 putative polyketide synthases (PKS) and 16 non-ribosomal peptide synthases (NPRS) in F. pseudograminearum, whereas only the products of 8 PKSs and of 4 NPRSs are known (Hansen et al, 2015). Thus, although not every PKS or NPRS might actually produce a product, there are still many secondary metabolites which have not been identified yet, especially considering that there are also other groups of secondary metabolites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regulation and cell biology of secondary metabolite production in Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium pseudograminearum

Blum¹

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1 AbstractAscomycete fungi have the potential to produce a vast array of secondary metabolites, which are metabolites not required for normal growth and development. In any one species there is typically the potential for production of upward of fifty of these compounds. Many fungal secondary metabolites are used as medicines (e.g. penicillin or cyclosporine), or are of importance due to their toxicity in humans or animals (e.g. aflatoxins), or because they are virulence factors during crop plant infection (e.g. deoxynivalenol). Despite the vast potential encoded in ascomycete genomes, the vast majority of fungal secondary metabolites are yet to be discovered. This is in part due to our lack of understanding of how the production of these compounds is regulated. Moreover, even for the compounds we do know, we are just beginning to understand the complex interaction of external stimuli, signalling pathways, cellular and developmental biology that leads to their production. In this thesis, biological insights into these aspects of two fungal secondary metabolites, deoxynivalenol (DON) and fusatin are provided.In chapter II a high-throughput fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) based mutant screen was developed and the regulation of DON production in Fusarium graminearum was analysed. DON is an economically very important mycotoxin, as it is the most common contaminant of wheat, barley and corn worldwide. It is produced by plant pathogenic filamentous fungi of the Fusarium family, which can cause Fusarium head blight as well as Fusarium crown rot. During plant infection, DON is an important virulence factor and it can be toxic for humans and animals. The regulation of DON production is not yet fully understood. To identify regulators, a mutant screen was developed using FACS to allow high throughput screening, coupled with whole genome sequencing to identify mutations.Segregation analyses were performed to determine the mutation causing the phenotype.The mutant screen identified an adenylyl cyclase allele, which resulted in production of DON under normally repressive conditions. In addition, the mutant developed cellular structures associated with toxin production under repressive conditions. The levels of the fundamental second messenger cAMP, which adenylyl cyclases produce, were increased in the identified mutant, suggesting it might be a gain-of-function adenylyl cyclase mutant. This mutant screening methodology can be adapted to identify regulators of different secondary metabolites as well as to identify mutants overproducing yet unknown secondary metabolites. Abstract 2In chapter III the cell biology of DON production in Fusarium graminearum was elucidated with quantitative super resolution microscopy. During the last five years the first insights into the cell biology of DON production were gained, indicating complex cell biological mechanisms. During toxin production, F. graminearum develops endoplasmic reticulum proliferations, called toxisomes, at which two DON biosynthesis enzymes, TRI1 a...

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An update to polyketide synthase and non-ribosomal synthetase genes and nomenclature in Fusarium

Cited by 116 publications

References 67 publications

Living apart together: crosstalk between the core and supernumerary genomes in a fungal plant pathogen

Living apart together: crosstalk between the core and supernumerary genomes in a fungal plant pathogen

Phylogenomics and evolution of secondary metabolism in plant-associated fungi

Regulation and cell biology of secondary metabolite production in Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium pseudograminearum

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