An Update on the Use of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers in Beta-Blocker Drug Analysis as a Selective Separation Method in Biological and Environmental Analysis

Abstract

Beta-blockers are antihypertensive drugs and can be abused by athletes in some sport competitions; it is therefore necessary to monitor beta-blocker levels in biological samples. In addition, beta-blocker levels in environmental samples need to be monitored to determine whether there are contaminants from the activities of the pharmaceutical industry. Several extraction methods have been developed to separate beta-blocker drugs in a sample, one of which is molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase extraction (MIP-SPE). MIPs have some advantages, including good selectivity, high affinity, ease of synthesis, and low cost. This review provides an overview of the polymerization methods for synthesizing MIPs of beta-blocker groups. The methods that are still widely used to synthesize MIPs for beta-blockers are the bulk polymerization method and the precipitation polymerization method. MIPs for beta-blockers still need further development, especially since many types of beta-blockers have not been used as templates in the MIP synthesis process and modification of the MIP sorbent is required, to obtain high throughput analysis.

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Pharmaceutical Impurities: Design and Synthesis Methods

“…Molecular imprinting is used to create specific artificial recognition sites in a polymer matrix that can bind specifically and selectively to analytes (template molecules) [ 28 , 29 , 30 ]. The components involved in generating MIPs include a template molecule, a functional monomer, a crosslinker, a porogen, and an initiator [ 31 , 32 , 33 ].…”

“…Computational simulations can assist in selecting functional monomers by evaluating hydrogen interactions between template molecules and functional monomers [ 29 ]. Apart from playing a role in determining the type of functional monomer, computational simulations also play a role in determining the best monomer ratio in less time than conducting trials in the laboratory ( Table 2 ) [ 41 ].…”

Synthesis of molecularly printed methyl methacrylate-based polymers for the detection of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and dibutyl phthalate

“…The data in Table 1 show a decreasing absorbance value during subsequent extractions, confirming that DEPH and DBP were washed out of the MIP. The synthesis steps of MIP_DEHP and MIP_DBP consist of prepolymerization, polymerization, and release of DEHP and DBP from the MIP matrix [17,18]. The polymerization and extraction reactions are presented in a modified Figure 2 [29,30].…”

“…An effective and frequently used polymerization method in the synthesis of MIP is precipitation [18]. Developments related to the MIP, research about synthesis and characterization of polymer imprinted with DEHP and DBP compounds as target molecules using MMA as monomer and TRIM using precipitation method need to be conducted.…”

Innovaciones Analíticas en Sistemas Miniaturizados de Extracción para la Determinación de Drogas y Fármacos en Muestras Biológicas.

“…Como alternativa a las fases extractantes convencionales, en el último tiempo se han introducido nuevos materiales sorbentes, los que se han utilizado en diversos formatos para la preparación de muestras biológicas en el análisis de fármacos, drogas y otros xenobióticos [45,46,[73][74][75]. Entre ellos es posible mencionar: polímeros molecularmente impresos (MIP) [76][77][78][79][80], líquidos iónicos (IL) [81,82],…”