An Update on Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome—A Literature Review

Abstract

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is the most common breathing-related sleep disorder. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of partial or complete airway obstruction during sleep, resulting in a reduction in or the total cessation of airflow, despite ongoing respiratory efforts, leading to oxygen desaturation and arousal. The purpose of this literature review is to evaluate the most common characteristics of this pathology, as well as to investigate the most effective treatment options, providing an update on the management of OSA patients.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Mean Platelet Volume and Platelet Distribution Width in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome

“…Partial or complete obstruction of the upper airways during sleep, leading to episodes of apnoea or hypopnea, is the hallmark of the disease [5][6][7]. These events may result in metabolic changes, endothelial dysfunction, proinflammatory factor activation, and systemic oxidative stress, all of which raise the risk of cardiovascular disease [8][9][10][11][12]. In light of this, treatment is based on restoring physiological oxygen intake through continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy or surgical Biomedicines 2024, 12, 270 2 of 16 therapies addressing specific causative factors (i.e., maxillary expansion, maxillomandibular or jaw advancement surgery) [10,11].…”

“…These events may result in metabolic changes, endothelial dysfunction, proinflammatory factor activation, and systemic oxidative stress, all of which raise the risk of cardiovascular disease [8][9][10][11][12]. In light of this, treatment is based on restoring physiological oxygen intake through continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy or surgical Biomedicines 2024, 12, 270 2 of 16 therapies addressing specific causative factors (i.e., maxillary expansion, maxillomandibular or jaw advancement surgery) [10,11]. The number of apnoeic or hypopneic occurrences per hour of sleep (apnoea-hypopnea index-AHI), is used to stratify the severity of OSAS into three categories-mild (5 ≤ AHI < 15), moderate (15 ≤ AHI < 30), and severe (AHI ≥ 30)-as determined in a polysomnography (PSG) sleep study [13], the standard diagnostic tool for OSAS.…”

Effects of Positive Airway Pressure on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Patients with Concomitant Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease

“…The prevalence of OSA is estimated to be from 9% to 38% in a population-based study utilizing an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) cutoff of ≥5 events/h [3]. Common risk factors of OSA include male gender, increasing age, obesity, excess alcohol consumption, and menopause [4]. Moreover, goiter independently of thyroid function can be considered a risk factor for OSA [5].…”

The role of cone-beam computed tomography in the radiographic evaluation of obstructive sleep apnea: A review article

“…This procedure, also referred to as a sleep study, entails the continuous monitoring of various neurophysiological and cardiorespiratory changes. 7 Polysomnography plays a pivotal role in both the diagnosis of OSA and the evaluation of treatment success. However, to arrive at a definitive diagnosis, particularly in children, it is essential to integrate polysomnography with the patient’s clinical history and radiographic evaluation.…”