2023
DOI: 10.3390/medicina59081459
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An Update on Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome—A Literature Review

Abstract: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is the most common breathing-related sleep disorder. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of partial or complete airway obstruction during sleep, resulting in a reduction in or the total cessation of airflow, despite ongoing respiratory efforts, leading to oxygen desaturation and arousal. The purpose of this literature review is to evaluate the most common characteristics of this pathology, as well as to investigate the most effective treatment options, providing an… Show more

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Cited by 7 publications
(5 citation statements)
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“…Partial or complete obstruction of the upper airways during sleep, leading to episodes of apnoea or hypopnea, is the hallmark of the disease [5][6][7]. These events may result in metabolic changes, endothelial dysfunction, proinflammatory factor activation, and systemic oxidative stress, all of which raise the risk of cardiovascular disease [8][9][10][11][12]. In light of this, treatment is based on restoring physiological oxygen intake through continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy or surgical Biomedicines 2024, 12, 270 2 of 16 therapies addressing specific causative factors (i.e., maxillary expansion, maxillomandibular or jaw advancement surgery) [10,11].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Partial or complete obstruction of the upper airways during sleep, leading to episodes of apnoea or hypopnea, is the hallmark of the disease [5][6][7]. These events may result in metabolic changes, endothelial dysfunction, proinflammatory factor activation, and systemic oxidative stress, all of which raise the risk of cardiovascular disease [8][9][10][11][12]. In light of this, treatment is based on restoring physiological oxygen intake through continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy or surgical Biomedicines 2024, 12, 270 2 of 16 therapies addressing specific causative factors (i.e., maxillary expansion, maxillomandibular or jaw advancement surgery) [10,11].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These events may result in metabolic changes, endothelial dysfunction, proinflammatory factor activation, and systemic oxidative stress, all of which raise the risk of cardiovascular disease [8][9][10][11][12]. In light of this, treatment is based on restoring physiological oxygen intake through continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy or surgical Biomedicines 2024, 12, 270 2 of 16 therapies addressing specific causative factors (i.e., maxillary expansion, maxillomandibular or jaw advancement surgery) [10,11]. The number of apnoeic or hypopneic occurrences per hour of sleep (apnoea-hypopnea index-AHI), is used to stratify the severity of OSAS into three categories-mild (5 ≤ AHI < 15), moderate (15 ≤ AHI < 30), and severe (AHI ≥ 30)-as determined in a polysomnography (PSG) sleep study [13], the standard diagnostic tool for OSAS.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The prevalence of OSA is estimated to be from 9% to 38% in a population-based study utilizing an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) cutoff of ≥5 events/h [3]. Common risk factors of OSA include male gender, increasing age, obesity, excess alcohol consumption, and menopause [4]. Moreover, goiter independently of thyroid function can be considered a risk factor for OSA [5].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This procedure, also referred to as a sleep study, entails the continuous monitoring of various neurophysiological and cardiorespiratory changes. 7 Polysomnography plays a pivotal role in both the diagnosis of OSA and the evaluation of treatment success. However, to arrive at a definitive diagnosis, particularly in children, it is essential to integrate polysomnography with the patient’s clinical history and radiographic evaluation.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%