An Update on Novel COVID-19  Pandemic; A  Battle between Humans and Virus

Prajapati, Suneel; Sharma, Mahima; Kumar, Arun; Gupta, Pankaj; Kumar, G V Narasimha

doi:10.22541/au.158817716.61199858

Cited by 12 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In the human body, ACE2 is widely expressed, especially in lungs, intestines, brain, heart, kidneys and liver [14]. This is consistent with clinical manifestation of COVID-19, as its major form of presentation -pneumonia -may be accompanied by gastrointestinal or neurological symptoms, and in patients with severe disease, also acute heart, kidney or liver dysfunctions have been observed [15,16].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine – safety profile of potential COVID-19 drugs from the rheumatologist’s perspective

Majewski¹,

Majewska²,

Naskręcka³

et al. 2020

Ann Agric Environ Med.

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Introduction and objective. The COVID-19 pandemic causes vital concerns due to the lack of proved, effective, and safe therapy. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine seem to be useful, but recently serious concerns regarding their adverse events have risen. The aim of the study was to broaden the general perspective of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine use in COVID-19 treatment, based on an analysis of their current safety profile among patients with rheumatic diseases. Materials and method. The study was based on a group of 152 patients with rheumatic diseases, aged 20-78 years, treated either with chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine. Analyzed data included age, gender, comorbidities, type of drug, dosage, treatment duration, and reported adverse events. Cases of drug withdrawal related to adverse events were also recorded. Results. The dosage was consistent in both groups: 250 mg of chloroquine or 200 mg of hydroxychloroquine daily. 77.6% of patients did not experience any adverse reactions to the treatment. Hydroxychloroquine showed better safety profile, with 10.9% of patients reporting side-ffects, compared to 28.9% in patients treated with chloroquine. The overall incidence of ophthalmic complications was 6.6%. For both drugs, no statistically significant correlation between adverse events and age, chronic heart or liver disease, or hypertension was found. Conclusions. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine at lower doses, as used in rheumatic diseases, prove to be relatively safe. Data from the literature show that high dosage as recommended in COVID-19 treatment may pose a risk of toxicity and require precise management, but prophylactic, long-term use of lower, safe doses might be a promising solution.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine – safety profile of potential COVID-19 drugs from the rheumatologist’s perspective

Majewski¹,

Majewska²,

Naskręcka³

et al. 2020

Ann Agric Environ Med.

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“…Other genetically similar SARS coronaviruses have also been previously identified, e.g. civet SARS-CoV_PC4-227 and SARSr-CoV-btKY72 [6] [8,9]. Two hypotheses have been proposed for the origin of this virus, namely natural selection in humans following zoonotic introduction or evolution in humans after the transmission.…”

Section: Taxonomy Of Coronaviruses and Sars Cov-2mentioning

confidence: 96%

Molecular epidemiology of SARS CoV-2: a review of current data on genetic variability of the virus

Parczewski¹,

Ciechanowicz²

2020

Polish Archives of Internal Medicine

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2), associated with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a novel pathogen recently introduced to the human population. It may be characterised by the rapid epidemic transmissions due to lack of the herd immunity and notable mortality, increasing with age and among patients with comorbidities. Outbreak forecasting and modelling suggest that infection numbers will continue to rise globally in the forthcoming months. Upon investigation of the disease patterns differences in mortality between south-European and north-European countries became striking with mortality in Italy and Spain exceeding 10% and <5% in Germany and Poland so far. It is unknown if this difference is associated with the higher virulence of the viral strains, differences in host genomics, access to medical resources or other unknown variables. Little is also known about SARS CoV-2 evolutionary and transmission patterns as limited number of the large-scale sequence and phylogenetic analyses have been performed so far. In this review, we aim to provide concise data on the SARS CoV-2 genomics, molecular evolution and variability with special consideration of the disease course.

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“…Remdesivir is a prodrug requiring bioactivation within cells. Remdesivir is a nucleotide analog (Figure 1) with a molecular weight 602.585 g•mol −1 and cumulative formula C 27…”

Section: Remdesivir As a Chemical Molecule And A Prodrugmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remdesivir—Bringing Hope for COVID-19 Treatment

2020

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At the beginning of 2020, the world was swept with a wave of a new coronavirus disease, named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO 2). The causative agent of this infection is the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The data available on one of the promising therapeutic agents—nucleotide analog remdesivir (Gilead Sciences number GS-5734)—were evaluated. These data were concerned with remdesivir activation from the prodrug to the active molecule—triphosphate containing 1′-cyano group and modified nucleobase. This triphosphate competes with the natural substrate adenosine triphosphate. Additionally, its mechanisms of action based on RNA and proofreading exonuclease inhibition, leading to the delayed RNA chain termination of infected cells, and basic pharmacological data were assessed. Additionally, the analytical determination of remdesivir and its metabolites in cells and body liquids and also some data from remdesivir use in other RNA infections—such as Ebola, Nipah virus infection, and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)—were summarized. More recent and more detailed data on the clinical use of remdesivir in COVID-19 were reported, showing the intensive efforts of clinicians and scientists to develop a cure for this new disease. Remdesivir as such represents one of the more promising alternatives for COVID-19 therapy, however the current understanding of this disease and the possible ways of dealing with it requires further investigation.

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An Update on Novel COVID-19 Pandemic; A Battle between Humans and Virus

Cited by 12 publications

References 33 publications

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine – safety profile of potential COVID-19 drugs from the rheumatologist’s perspective

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine – safety profile of potential COVID-19 drugs from the rheumatologist’s perspective

Molecular epidemiology of SARS CoV-2: a review of current data on genetic variability of the virus

Remdesivir—Bringing Hope for COVID-19 Treatment

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