An Update on Kidney Stones: Types, Mechanism and Treatment Approaches

Abstract

Kidney stone illness is becoming more common and new studies shows that stones can be linked to a number of significant complications. Renal stone disorder is a condition of crystal concretion that forms in the kidney. It is a growing urological health problem that affects approximately 12% of the global population. Stone generation is a sophisticated process that includes a number of physicochemical phenomena, such as supersaturation of urine, nucleation, growth of crystal, crystal aggregation and retention of urinary stone. An imbalance between substances that induce or inhibit urine crystallisation controls these stages. These facts show stone therapy and stone prevention. There is many misunderstanding regarding how to handle stones among both the general public and clinicians. As a result, review is to consolidate up-to-date knowledge on kidney stone origin, pathophysiology, and management strategies of each kind of kidney stone. The phytochemicals present in the extract contribute to the plant's antiurolithiatic abilities. Several kinds of phytochemicals such as Flavonoids, Polysaccharide, Saponin etc have a favourable effect in the antiurolithiatic impact against kidney crystals, or in terms of dissolving or inhibitory capabilities. However, there is a limited knowledge on nutritional and medicinal treatments for lithiasis and prevention.