An update on environmental mastitis: Challenging perceptions

Klaas, Ilka Christine; Zadoks, Ruth N.

doi:10.1111/tbed.12704

Cited by 172 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 209 publications

(356 reference statements)

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“…The precise reason for this is unknown, but S. aureus can be irregularly shed in milk, can form walled-off infections, and has a low cure rate after anti-microbial therapy (Sears et al, 1990;Sol et al, 1997). The ability of S. aureus to act as a contagious or environmental pathogen with bovine and environmental reservoirs may also contribute to difficulties in controlling this pathogen (Sommerhauser et al, 2003;Klaas and Zadoks, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symposium review: Intramammary infections—Major pathogens and strain-associated complexity

Keane

2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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Intramammary infection (IMI) is one of the most costly diseases to the dairy industry. It is primarily due to bacterial infection and the major intramammary pathogens include Escherichia coli, Streptococcus uberis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The severity and outcome of IMI is dependent on several host factors including innate host resistance, energy balance, immune status, parity, and stage of lactation. Additionally, the infecting organism can influence the host immune response and progression of disease. It is increasingly recognized that not only the infecting pathogen species, but also the strain, can affect the transmission, severity, and outcome of IMI. For each of 3 major IMI-associated pathogens, S. aureus, Strep. uberis, and E. coli, specific strains have been identified that are adapted to the intramammary environment. Strain-dependent variation in the host immune response to infection has also been reported. The diversity of strains associated with IMI must be considered if vaccines effective against the full repertoire of mammary pathogenic strains are to be developed. Although important advances have been made recently in understanding the molecular mechanism underpinning strain-specific virulence, further research is required to fully elucidate the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of mammary adapted strains and the role of the strain in influencing the pathophysiology of infection. Improved understanding of molecular pathogenesis of strains associated with bovine IMI will contribute to the development of new control strategies, therapies, and vaccines. The development of enabling technologies such as pathogenomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics can facilitate system-level studies of strain-specific molecular pathogenesis and the identification of key mediators of host-pathogen interactions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symposium review: Intramammary infections—Major pathogens and strain-associated complexity

Keane

2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…However, Klaas and Zadoks recently suggested that this binary classification of bacterial species as contagious or environmental is misleading, because in reality many bacterial species, notably S. aureus and Streptococcus uberis, can be transmitted Abbreviations ANT, adjoining nucleotide triplet; CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8; CNCI, coding-non-coding index; CPC, coding potential calculator; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition; FC, fold change; FPKM, fragments per kilobase of transcript per million fragments mapped; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GO, gene ontology; IL, interleukin; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; KO, knockout; lincRNA, long intervening non-coding RNA; lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; LTA, lipoteichoic acid; MEC, mammary epithelial cell; ORF, open reading frame; QTLdb, quantitative trait locus database; QTL, quantitative trait locus; sgRNA, small guide RNA; SMA, smooth muscle actin; TGF-b1, transforming growth factor b 1; TLR, toll-like receptor; TNF-a, tumor necrosis factor-a. in multiple ways [4]. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), the major structural elements of Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli, triggers strong immune responses via toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 [5], while lipoteichoic acid (LTA), an important cell wall component of from Gram-positive bacteria such as S. aureus, introduces inflammation by TLR2 [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel long non‐coding RNA regulates the immune response in MAC‐T cells and contributes to bovine mastitis

Wang

et al. 2019

The FEBS Journal

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The long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to transcriptionally regulate a wide spectrum of diseases. Here, we screened for potentially functional lncRNAs in a mammary epithelial cell model of bovine mastitis by RNA‐Seq technology and identified a class of previously undetected mastitis‐related lncRNAs. A novel lncRNA was widely expressed in a variety of bovine tissues with diverse relative abundance and had a relatively low expression in mammary tissue. Given its predicted target gene is TUBA1C, we name it lncRNA‐TUB. We found a higher expression of lncRNA‐TUB in mammary epithelial cells that received a proinflammatory stimulus compared to normal cells. Knockout of lncRNA‐TUB by the CRISPR/Cas9 system revealed that it plays crucial roles in the morphological shape, proliferation, migration and β‐casein secretion of mammary epithelial cells. In addition, lncRNA‐TUB mediates Escherichia coli‐induced inflammatory factor secretion and Staphylococcus aureus adhesion to epithelial cells. Our results suggest that the lncRNAs identified here function in bovine mastitis, and that lncRNA‐TUB affects the basic biological characteristics and functions of bovine mammary epithelial cells in inflammatory conditions, providing valuable insights into the mechanisms of bovine mastitis.

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“…Herein, we present EasyPrimer, a web-based tool for the identification of the gene regions suitable for primer design to perform HRM studies and any kind of pan-PCR experiments. Moreover, we validated EasyPrimer by designing HRM primers for the discrimination of clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, an important opportunistic pathogen frequently cause of infections in humans and animals 9 .…”

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confidence: 99%

EasyPrimer: user-friendly tool for pan-PCR/HRM primers design. Development of an HRM protocol on wzi gene for fast Klebsiella pneumoniae typing

Perini

Piazza

Panelli

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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in this work we present easyprimer, a user-friendly online tool developed to assist pan-pcR and High Resolution Melting (HRM) primer design. The tool finds the most suitable regions for primer design in a gene alignment and returns a clear graphical representation of their positions on the consensus sequence. EasyPrimer is particularly useful in difficult contexts, e.g. on gene alignments of hundreds of sequences and/or on highly variable genes. HRM analysis is an emerging method for fast and cost saving bacterial typing and an HRM scheme of six primer pairs on five Multi-Locus Sequence Type (MLST) genes is already available for Klebsiella pneumoniae. We validated the tool designing a scheme of two HRM primer pairs on the hypervariable gene wzi of Klebsiella pneumoniae and compared the two schemes. the wzi scheme resulted to have a discriminatory power comparable to the HRM MLST scheme, using only one third of primer pairs. then we successfully used the wzi HRM primer scheme to reconstruct a Klebsiella pneumoniae nosocomial outbreak in few hours. the use of hypervariable genes reduces the number of HRM primer pairs required for bacterial typing allowing to perform cost saving, large-scale surveillance programs.Most methods used for the identification and typing of prokaryotes are based on DNA amplification and sequencing. Indeed, the sequence of specific genes can harbour enough information to classify bacteria at species, subspecies or also to a clonal level. For instance, Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) is one of the most used methods for bacterial typing and it is based on the amplification and sequencing of few housekeeping genes 1 . During the last ten years, the analysis of the entire bacterial genome by Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) approach revolutionized the field, drastically increasing the typing precision 1 .The reconstruction of nosocomial outbreaks is one of the most important clinical applications of bacterial typing. A nosocomial outbreak occurs when the number of patients infected by a pathogen increases above the expected in a limited time 2 . In these situations, it is fundamental to determine the clonality of bacteria causing disease in the patients to define the proper strategy to handle the emergency. Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), MLST and WGS are the most frequently applied molecular methods in outbreak investigation 1 .During a nosocomial outbreak, clinicians need bacterial typing information in the shortest time possible. Despite the high potential of WGS in outbreak reconstruction, the sequencing of a complete genome requires two to four working days, introducing an important time lag. Similarly, PFGE typing requires five days and also MLST needs few days. During the last years, the High Resolution Melting (HRM) assay has emerged as a low-cost and fast method for bacterial typing, particularly promising for epidemiological applications 3-6 . HRM is a single-step

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An update on environmental mastitis: Challenging perceptions

Abstract: SummaryEnvironmental mastitis is the most common and costly form of mastitis in modern dairy herds where contagious transmission of intramammary pathogens is controlled through implementation of standard mastitis prevention programmes. Environmental

Cited by 172 publications

References 209 publications

Symposium review: Intramammary infections—Major pathogens and strain-associated complexity

Symposium review: Intramammary infections—Major pathogens and strain-associated complexity

A novel long non‐coding RNA regulates the immune response in MAC‐T cells and contributes to bovine mastitis

EasyPrimer: user-friendly tool for pan-PCR/HRM primers design. Development of an HRM protocol on wzi gene for fast Klebsiella pneumoniae typing

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