An Up-to-Date Review on the Remediation of Dyes and Phenolic Compounds from Wastewaters Using Enzymes Immobilized on Emerging and Nanostructured Materials: Promises and Challenges

Abstract

Addressing the critical issue of water pollution, this review article emphasizes the need to remove hazardous dyes and phenolic compounds from wastewater. These pollutants pose severe risks due to their toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic properties. The study explores various techniques for the remediation of organic contaminants from wastewater, including an enzymatic approach. A significant challenge in enzymatic wastewater treatment is the loss of enzyme activity and difficulty in recovery post-treatment. To mitigate these issues, this review examines the strategy of immobilizing enzymes on newly developed nanostructured materials like graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). These materials offer high surface areas, excellent porosity, and ample anchoring sites for effective enzyme immobilization. The review evaluates recent research on enzyme immobilization on these supports and their applications in biocatalytic nanoparticles. It also analyzes the impact of operational factors (e.g., time, pH, and temperature) on dye and phenolic compound removal from wastewater using these enzymes. Despite promising outcomes, this review acknowledges the challenges for large-scale implementation and offers recommendations for future research to tackle these obstacles. This review concludes by suggesting that enzyme immobilization on these emerging materials could present a sustainable, environmentally friendly solution to the escalating water pollution crisis.

Decoration of a Glass Surface with AgNPs Using Thio-Derivates for Environmental Applications

“…[37]. Addressing the critical issue of environmental pollution and the requirement to remove hazardous dyes from wastewater [38], two dyes were studied: dithizone and thioindigo.…”

Multifunctional Manganese–Nucleotide Laccase-Mimicking Nanozyme for Degradation of Organic Pollutants and Visual Assay of Epinephrine via Smartphone

“…1,2 They are widely present in industries such as petrochemicals, printing and dyeing, textiles, and pesticides. 3,4 Furthermore, phenolic pollutants are typically organic compounds that exhibit high toxicity, persistence, and mobility. These pollutants can permeate into the bloodstream of human cells, posing a serious threat to the endocrine, reproductive, and nervous systems.…”

“…Phenolic pollutants, such as chlorophenols and bisphenols, cause great harm to the ecological environment. , They are widely present in industries such as petrochemicals, printing and dyeing, textiles, and pesticides. , Furthermore, phenolic pollutants are typically organic compounds that exhibit high toxicity, persistence, and mobility. These pollutants can permeate into the bloodstream of human cells, posing a serious threat to the endocrine, reproductive, and nervous systems. , Therefore, the detection and degradation of phenolic pollutants have great significance.…”