“…7,12,17 VIA has been associated with Kounis syndrome (coronary arterial spasm induced by the release of mast cell mediators 18,19 ) and cardiac arrhythmias usually occurring in patients with preexisting heart disease. 20 The rate of concomitant cardiovascular diseases was higher in VIA than in non-VIA. They are an essential cofactor increasing the risk of a severe reaction if Hymenoptera elicited the anaphylaxis.…”