An unprecedented bloom of Lingulodinium polyedra on the French Atlantic coast during summer 2021

Mertens, Kenneth Neil; Rétho, Michaël; Manach, Soazig; Zoffoli, María Laura; Doner, Anne; Schapira, Mathilde; Bilien, Gwenaël; Sechet, Véronique; Lacour, Thomas; Robert, Elise; Duval, Audrey; Terre-Terrillon, Aouregan; Derrien, Amélie; Gernez, Pierre

doi:10.1016/j.hal.2023.102426

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Stratification is also an important environmental factor for the growth of many dinoflagellates during summer and fall, particularly in the case of the toxic autotrophic dinoflagellate species, such as Protoceratium reticulatum, Gymnodinium catenatum and Lingulodinium polyedra. These and other cyst-forming species usually proliferate in coastal environments influenced by upwelling following the nutrient enrichment events when waters are becoming stratified (Smayda and Reynolds, 2001;Amorim et al, 2001;Moita et al, 2003;Smayda and Reynolds, 2003;Moita et al, 2022;Mertens et al, 2023;etc.).…”

Section: The Bnl As a Reservoir Of Viable Cysts: Implications For Und...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The highest rates of encystment and cyst flux to the sediments occurs during and after bloom events (Amorim et al, 2001;Anderson et al, 2005;Peña-Manjarrez et al, 2009;Brosnahan et al, 2017;Mertens et al, 2023). Therefore, propagation of internal waves in coastal environments may coincide with increased cyst productivity, as both events are favored by stratification conditions.…”

Section: The Bnl As a Reservoir Of Viable Cysts: Implications For Und...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The alternation of a vegetative stage (motile cell) and a dormant phase (non-motile cyst) is a successful ecological strategy in highly changing environments such as coastal ecosystems, as cysts facilitate the species dispersal and survival during adverse conditions (e.g., Anderson, 1984;Dale, 1996;Smayda and Reynolds, 2003). In culture nutrient depletion can trigger cyst production of some dinoflagellate species (e.g., Blanco, 1995a;Figueroa and Bravo, 2005); however, in the field the highest cyst production occurs during and after bloom events, not necessarily accompanied by a decrease in nutrient inputs (Amorim et al, 2001;Peña-Manjarrez et al, 2009;Diaz et al, 2014;Brosnahan et al, 2017;Mertens et al, 2023). Cysts accumulated on the seabed can remain viable for a long time (Dale, 1983;Lundholm et al, 2011), after which they can be resuspended and provide the necessary inoculum for seeding planktonic populations (e.g., Nehring, 1996;Kremp, 2001;Anderson et al, 2005;Giannakourou et al, 2005;Anderson et al, 2014;Bravo and Figueroa, 2014;Mertens et al, 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In culture nutrient depletion can trigger cyst production of some dinoflagellate species (e.g., Blanco, 1995a;Figueroa and Bravo, 2005); however, in the field the highest cyst production occurs during and after bloom events, not necessarily accompanied by a decrease in nutrient inputs (Amorim et al, 2001;Peña-Manjarrez et al, 2009;Diaz et al, 2014;Brosnahan et al, 2017;Mertens et al, 2023). Cysts accumulated on the seabed can remain viable for a long time (Dale, 1983;Lundholm et al, 2011), after which they can be resuspended and provide the necessary inoculum for seeding planktonic populations (e.g., Nehring, 1996;Kremp, 2001;Anderson et al, 2005;Giannakourou et al, 2005;Anderson et al, 2014;Bravo and Figueroa, 2014;Mertens et al, 2023). Dinoflagellate cysts are non-motile and, after being produced in the upper water layers, act as passive particles that will eventually sink to the ocean floor (Dale, 1983;Joyce and Pitcher, 2004;Mertens et al, 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cysts accumulated on the seabed can remain viable for a long time (Dale, 1983;Lundholm et al, 2011), after which they can be resuspended and provide the necessary inoculum for seeding planktonic populations (e.g., Nehring, 1996;Kremp, 2001;Anderson et al, 2005;Giannakourou et al, 2005;Anderson et al, 2014;Bravo and Figueroa, 2014;Mertens et al, 2023). Dinoflagellate cysts are non-motile and, after being produced in the upper water layers, act as passive particles that will eventually sink to the ocean floor (Dale, 1983;Joyce and Pitcher, 2004;Mertens et al, 2023). The sinking rate of the cysts under culture conditions was estimated to be ~6-11 m/day, although this could vary between different species due to their different morphology (Anderson et al, 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New physical and biological evidence of lateral transport affecting dinoflagellate cyst distribution in the benthic nepheloid layer along a land-sea transect off Figueira da Foz (Atlantic Iberian margin)

García-Moreiras,

Hatherly,

Zonneveld

et al. 2023

Front. Mar. Sci.

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IntroductionThe production of resting cysts is a key dispersal and survival strategy of many dinoflagellate species. However, little is known about the role of suspended cysts in the benthic nepheloid layer (BNL) in the initiation and decline of planktonic populations.MethodsIn September 2019, sampling of the dinoflagellate cyst community at different water depths in the water column and in the bottom sediments, and studies of spatio-temporal changes in physical properties (temperature, salinity, density and suspended sediment concentration), were carried out along a land-sea transect off Figueira da Foz (NW Portugal) to investigate the dinoflagellate cyst distribution and the factors (physical and biological) affecting it. A clustering analysis was used to compare the BNL and sediment cyst records with the cyst rain recorded by a sediment trap at a fixed station. Furthermore, Lagrangian particle experiments enabled simulating cyst trajectories in the BNL 5 and 10 days before sampling and assessing cross-shore, vertical and alongshore transport within the studied region.ResultsA well-developed BNL was present during the survey, which covered a change from active (14th of September) to relaxed (19th of September) upwelling conditions. Organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts were dominant in all samples, although calcareous dinoflagellate cysts consistently occurred (at low abundances). High proportions of full cysts were observed in the BNL, of which a significant portion was viable as shown by excystment experiments. Moreover, BNL cyst records collected on the 19th of September along the land-sea transect were similar to the sediment trap cyst record but greatly differed from sediment cyst records. The heterotrophic small spiny brown cysts (SBC) and cysts of the autotrophic yessotoxin-producer Protoceratium reticulatum notably increased during the survey, in the BNL and in the water column above.DiscussionThe comparison of the BNL, surface sediment and sediment trap cyst records supported that the main origin of cysts in the BNL was the recent production in the water column. The spatial coincidences in the distribution of cysts and vegetative cells of Protoceratium reticulatum also supported that full cysts in the water column were being produced in surface waters. New data evidenced the presence of a significant reservoir of viable cysts in the BNL that have the potential to seed new planktonic blooms. Furthermore, back-track particle modelling evidenced that alongshore advection was the main physical mechanism controlling cyst dynamics in the BNL during most part of the survey period, being particularly intense in coastal stations (<100 m depth). Consequently, the sediment cyst signal is a mixture of locally and regionally produced cysts. We provide multi-disciplinary data evidencing that cysts recently formed in the photic zone can be laterally advected within the studied region through the BNL, contributing to a better understanding of the role of the BNL in cyst dynamics and tracing the seed sources of the new blooms.

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Section: The Bnl As a Reservoir Of Viable Cysts: Implications For Und...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Bnl As a Reservoir Of Viable Cysts: Implications For Und...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

New physical and biological evidence of lateral transport affecting dinoflagellate cyst distribution in the benthic nepheloid layer along a land-sea transect off Figueira da Foz (Atlantic Iberian margin)

García-Moreiras,

Hatherly,

Zonneveld

et al. 2023

Front. Mar. Sci.

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show abstract

Combined effects of hypoxia and starvation on the survival and growth rates of autotrophic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic dinoflagellates

Eom,

Jeong,

et al. 2023

Mar Biol

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Comprehensive Insights into Harmful Algal Blooms: A Review of Chemical, Physical, Biological, and Climatological Influencers with Predictive Modeling Approaches

Yan,

Kamanmalek,

Alamdari

et al. 2024

J. Environ. Eng.

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An unprecedented bloom of Lingulodinium polyedra on the French Atlantic coast during summer 2021

Cited by 5 publications

References 66 publications

New physical and biological evidence of lateral transport affecting dinoflagellate cyst distribution in the benthic nepheloid layer along a land-sea transect off Figueira da Foz (Atlantic Iberian margin)

New physical and biological evidence of lateral transport affecting dinoflagellate cyst distribution in the benthic nepheloid layer along a land-sea transect off Figueira da Foz (Atlantic Iberian margin)

Combined effects of hypoxia and starvation on the survival and growth rates of autotrophic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic dinoflagellates

Comprehensive Insights into Harmful Algal Blooms: A Review of Chemical, Physical, Biological, and Climatological Influencers with Predictive Modeling Approaches

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