An unfamiliar social norm rapidly produces framing effects in an economic game

Cronk, Lee; Wasielewski, Helen

doi:10.1556/jep.6.2008.4.3

Cited by 43 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Framing might help render a laboratory experiment more realistic and, thereby, increase its external validity. Several studies discuss the relevance of framing effects on choices given the fact that decision-makers might be more 'attached' to a project that is described in terms that are more familiar to them (Cronk and Wasielewski 2008;Patel and Fiet 2010). Actually, there is an intensive debate on the trade-off between the internal and external validity of economic experiments (Camerer 2003;Guala 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does timing matter? A real options experiment to farmers' investment and disinvestment behaviours

Ihli

Maart-Noelck

Mußhoff

2013

Aus J Agri & Res Econ

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In this article, we analyse the (dis)investment behaviour of farmers in a within-subject designed experiment. We ascertain whether, and to what extent, the real options approach (ROA) and the classical investment theory can predict farmers' (dis) investment behaviour. We consider a problem of optimal stopping, stylising an option to (dis)invest in agricultural technology. Our results show that both theories do not explain exactly the observed (dis)investment behaviour. However, some evidence was found that the ROA predicted the decision behaviour of farmers better than the classical investment theory. Moreover, we found that farmers learn from repeated investment decisions and consider the value of waiting over time. Socio-demographic and farm-specific variables also affect the (dis)investment behaviour of farmers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does timing matter? A real options experiment to farmers' investment and disinvestment behaviours

Ihli

Maart-Noelck

Mußhoff

2013

Aus J Agri & Res Econ

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“…To learn more about osotua, Cronk (Cronk, 2007;Cronk & Wasielewski, 2008) used the osotua norm to frame Trust Games played by Maasai. In the Trust Game, two players, who are anonymous to each other, are given an initial endowment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Need-based transfers on a network: a model of risk-pooling in ecologically volatile environments

Armbruster

Cronk

et al. 2015

Evolution and Human Behavior

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a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f oNeed-based transfers are a widespread form of human cooperation across cultures that enhance survival in marginal environments. Examples include central place food sharing among foragers and stock friendships among pastoralists. Previous models have demonstrated that such systems lead to higher rates of herd survival under volatile ecological conditions, such as those experienced by the Maasai of East Africa. The Maasai use a needbased transfer system called osotua that leads to risk pooling. Here we implement osotua-style asking and giving rules on a network in order to understand which network features promote herd survival. We find that (1) greater network size increases herd survival when individuals selectively ask their wealthiest partner for livestock but not when they ask a partner at random, (2) greater network connectedness improves herd survival regardless of whether individuals ask their wealthiest partner or ask a partner at random, (3) greater network heterogeneity leads to higher herd survival with selective asking of wealthy partners and decreases herd survival for random asking. In general, selective asking of wealthy partners is associated with higher rates of herd survival. We also examined the features of survival networks in order to understand the characteristics of the networks that result from 50 simulated years of osotua-style sharing under ecologically volatile conditions and the elimination of individuals who do not stay above sustainability threshold. These results will help inform further fieldwork on the need-based transfer systems and increase our understanding of features of sharing networks that enable risk pooling. Simple decentralized sharing rules can be highly effective for pooling risk, suggesting that complex cultural institutions may not be necessary for expansion into ecologically marginal environments.

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“…In a related study, Cronk and Wasielewski (2008) explored the impact of the osotua norm on the trust game behavior of American subjects with only minimal exposure to the concept. Seventy subjects read a short description of Maasai culture and the osotua concept and then played a trust game that was presented to them with no further framing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk-Pooling and Herd Survival: An Agent-Based Model of a Maasai Gift-Giving System

2011

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We use agent-based modeling to study osotua, a gift giving system used by the Maasai of East Africa. Osotua's literal meaning is "umbilical cord," but it is used metaphorically to refer to a specific type of gift-giving relationship. Osotua relationships are characterized by respect, responsibility and restraint. Osotua partners ask each other for help only if they are in need and provide help only when asked and only if they are able. We hypothesize that under the ecologically volatile conditions in which Maasai pastoralists have traditionally lived, such a system is particularly suited to risk pooling. Here we explore whether osotua increases the viability of herds by comparing herd survivorship and stability under osotua rules to a) no exchange and b) probabilistic rules for requesting and giving livestock. Results from this model suggest that this gift-giving system can dramatically increase herd longevity through a limited pooling of risk.

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An unfamiliar social norm rapidly produces framing effects in an economic game

Cited by 43 publications

References 26 publications

Does timing matter? A real options experiment to farmers' investment and disinvestment behaviours

Does timing matter? A real options experiment to farmers' investment and disinvestment behaviours

Need-based transfers on a network: a model of risk-pooling in ecologically volatile environments

Risk-Pooling and Herd Survival: An Agent-Based Model of a Maasai Gift-Giving System

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