“…High photoluminescence quantum yield (PL QY), high photostability, and excellent biocompatibility are the key indicators of fluorescent materials. High-performance fluorescent materials are urgently demanded in light-emitting devices (LEDs), bioimaging, and biosensors. − To date, various high-performance fluorescent nanomaterials, including semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), and metal photoluminescent nanomaterials have been designed to satisfy the practical requirements of sensing, imaging, solar, and optoelectronic devices due to their novel physicochemical properties. − Since semiconductor QDs possess several advantages, including the ease of preparation, size-dependent emission wavelength, high-quantum yield, and photostability, their toxic precursors and the potential leaching of toxic metal ions have raised safety and environmental issues. − Otherwise, the metal photoluminescent nanomaterials including the metal-based nanoparticles and clusters have been demonstrated as novel fluorescent nanomaterials due to their tunable fluorescence wavelength and high color purity. Nevertheless, the expensive precursors, lower PL QY, and complex synthetic technology seriously restrict their practical applications. − With the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology, the new class of fluorescent carbon-based nanomaterials, such as fluorescent graphene, semiconductor polymer nanoparticles, and carbon nanodots (CNDs), − have developed with high PL QY, excellent color purity, or photobleaching resistance, thus endowing their more optional application fields as fluorescent materials.…”