An ultrasound-based approach for the characterization of fluid–structure interaction of large arterial vessels

Use of 3D anatomical models in mock circulatory loops for cardiac medical device testing

“…Despite the promising results, the study left the open question whether the algorithm could retrieve the elastic modulus of vessels characterized by bending regions and irregularities. Similar studies were conducted by Pejcic et al, 70 who used a latex compliant tube to test an algorithm using echo-PIV, and Windman et al, 71 who validated an algorithm to estimate the strain of carotid artery plaque comparing it to sonomicrometry. Other studies used a more realistic geometry to consider the influence of the anatomical shape on the measurements.…”

“…For instance, some studies simulated only the hemodynamics of the site of interest, whilst the rest of the cardiovascular circulation was not represented. 11,25,36,38,45,54,63,64,[67][68][69][70]73 In these cases, ventricular blood flow was simulated either as a generic sinusoidal waveform or using pulsatile pumps that could change the stroke volume, heart rate and systolediastole ratio. More sophisticated MCLs considered either part 12,[16][17][18][19]22,23,[30][31][32][33][34][35]46,48,52,60,61,65,66,74 or all the cardiovascular system 13,14,29,39,40,49,50,53,75 by including compliance chambers and variable resistances or, in few cases, by simulating it computationally.…”

“…The level of physiological complexity needed in a MCL depends on the application. For instance, some studies simulated only the hemodynamics of the site of interest, whilst the rest of the cardiovascular circulation was not represented 11,25,36,38,45,54,63,64,67–70,73 . In these cases, ventricular blood flow was simulated either as a generic sinusoidal waveform or using pulsatile pumps that could change the stroke volume, heart rate and systole‐diastole ratio.…”