An ultra-sensitive UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS method for determination of 54 benzodiazepines (pharmaceutical drugs, NPS and metabolites) and z-drugs in biological samples

Wachełko, Olga; Szpot, Paweł; Tusiewicz, Kaja; Nowak, Karolina; Chłopaś-Konowałek, Agnieszka; Zawadzki, Marcin

doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123816

Cited by 12 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In more than 30 cases mentioned in the literature the nitrate or nitrite level was measured in gastric content and in some others in the vitreous humor. This shows the necessity to extend the application of methods used for toxic substances analysis to non-routine biological materials [172][173][174][175][176][177]. In summary, nitrates and/or nitrites were determined in biological material in only about 15% of cases, which illustrates and indicates a major analytical problem and the lack of availability of adequate reliable methods in this area.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrites: An Old Poison or a Current Hazard? Epidemiology of Intoxications Covering the Last 100 Years and Evaluation of Analytical Methods

Tusiewicz,

Kuropka,

Workiewicz

et al. 2023

Toxics

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In recent times, there has been a concerning and noteworthy rise in the global use of sodium nitrite for suicidal purposes. This is facilitated either through the employment of specialized “suicide kits” or by acquiring sodium nitrite through alternative means. Additionally, another occurrence contributing to nitrite poisoning is the recreational utilization of nitrites in the form of volatile aliphatic esters of nitrous acid, commonly referred to as “poppers”. Based on current available papers and reports on the subject of nitrates, nitrites, and poppers intoxications, an epidemiological analysis and evaluation of analytical methods were performed. A total of 128 papers, documenting a collective count of 492 intoxication cases, were identified. Additionally, in order to complete the epidemiological profile of nitrite poisoning, the authors briefly examined six cases of nitrite intoxication that were under investigation in our laboratory. Furthermore, a review of nitrite poisoning cases over the past 100 years shows that the old poison is still in use and poses a substantial risk to society.

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Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrites: An Old Poison or a Current Hazard? Epidemiology of Intoxications Covering the Last 100 Years and Evaluation of Analytical Methods

Tusiewicz,

Kuropka,

Workiewicz

et al. 2023

Toxics

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“…Diverse analytical techniques have been used for the analysis of BZD drugs in biological matrices: capillary electrophoresis–tandem mass spectrometry (CE-MS/MS) [ 19 ], GC-MS/MS [ 20 , 21 ], HPLC-MS/MS [ 22 , 23 , 24 ], HPLC-DAD [ 25 , 26 ], differential pulse voltammetry [ 27 ] and voltametric electronic tongues [ 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Extraction of Diazepam and Its Metabolites from Urine Samples by a Molecularly Imprinted Solid-Phase Extraction (MISPE) Method

Gil Tejedor,

Bravo Yagüe,

Paniagua González

et al. 2024

Polymers

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In this research, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized by precipitation polymerization using oxazepam (OZ) as a template molecule and was subsequently applied as a selective sorbent for the extraction of diazepam (DZP) and its metabolites in urine samples using an SPE cartridge. OZ, temazepam (TZ), nordiazepam (NZ) and DZP were analyzed in the final extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The SPE extraction steps were optimized, and the evaluation of an imprinting factor was carried out. The selectivity of the method for OZ versus structurally related benzodiazepines (BZDs), such as bromazepam (BRZ), tetrazepam (TTZ) and halazepam (HZ), was investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the proposed methodology provided good linearity in the range of 10–1500 ng/mL, with limit of detection values between 13.5 and 21.1 ng/mL and recovery levels for DZP and its metabolites from 89.0 to 93.9% (RSD ≤ 8%) at a concentration level of 1000 ng/mL. The proposed method exhibited good selectivity, precision and accuracy and was applied to the analysis of urine samples from a real case of DZP intake.

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A strategy for the detection of benzodiazepine drugs using low‐resolution paper‐spray mass spectrometry for harm reduction drug checking

Miskulin,

Wallace,

Gill

et al. 2023

Drug Testing and Analysis

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The ability to detect newly emerging substances is of great importance in reducing harms for people who use drugs. New psychoactive substances including novel benzodiazepines in the illicit drug supply have been linked to high rates of overdose deaths while complicating drug checking as an overdose prevention strategy. Paper‐spray mass spectrometry (PS‐MS) has emerged as a novel strategy to rapidly detect trace components in street drug samples. While targeted, low‐resolution PS‐MS methods have proven effective, newly emerging substances are often missed. To address this, a method was applied to low‐resolution full‐scan PS‐MS data to aid in the early detection and identification of novel benzodiazepines in the unregulated drug supply. Using the developed method, true positives rates of 0.89 and 0.75 were achieved for bromazolam and etizolam in street samples obtained in a community drug checking service. The applicability of the method was further demonstrated for a novel benzodiazepine, desalkylgidazepam, that has recently emerged in the illicit drug supply.

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An ultra-sensitive UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS method for determination of 54 benzodiazepines (pharmaceutical drugs, NPS and metabolites) and z-drugs in biological samples

Cited by 12 publications

References 45 publications

Nitrites: An Old Poison or a Current Hazard? Epidemiology of Intoxications Covering the Last 100 Years and Evaluation of Analytical Methods

Nitrites: An Old Poison or a Current Hazard? Epidemiology of Intoxications Covering the Last 100 Years and Evaluation of Analytical Methods

Selective Extraction of Diazepam and Its Metabolites from Urine Samples by a Molecularly Imprinted Solid-Phase Extraction (MISPE) Method

A strategy for the detection of benzodiazepine drugs using low‐resolution paper‐spray mass spectrometry for harm reduction drug checking

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