An UBET analysis of the non-axisymmetric extrusion/forging process

Overview of adaptable die design for extrusions

“…Yang et al [39] also used finite element analysis to confirm the experimental and upper bound analysis of the clover sections. Non-axisymmetric three-dimensional extrusions have been studied further by using upper bound elemental technique [40] and spatial elementary rigid zones [41,42].…”

Numerical approach to forging process of a gear with inner cam profile using FEM

“…In addition, since the FEM can simultaneously predict all the necessary stress-strain states in both die and workpiece, extensive applications of this method have been reported for the large-scale deformation forging processes [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Especially, many researchers focused on the effective strain, damage and flow patterns within the workpiece during cold forging processes.…”

“…Kwan [3] has developed UBET program to analyze the closed-die forging of a general non-axisymmetric shape. Hwang et al [4] have analyzed a non-axisymmetric extrusion/forging process to determine the forming load and the average extruded length of polygonal-and trochoidal-headed bars using UBET.…”

Optimization of a progressive microforming process and in-process material behavior

“…Indeed, the open-die forming processes can be controlled precisely by investigating the location of the neutral plane during the process. As initially discussed by Avitzur and Sauerwine [155], the location of the neutral plane is a function of the blank geometry and friction conditions [152]. It is worth noting that by changing the blank thickness, the location of the neutral plane changes to minimize the overall required energy for forming process [156].…”

“…To optimize a forming process using modeling techniques, a phenomenological investigation of the material behavior during the process is needed [152,153].…”