“…IoT security strategies prioritise maintaining information accuracy, confidentiality, and accountability. To contribute to the evolving IoT security paradigm, our research focuses on developing a lightweight cryptographic protocol capable of establishing within resource-constrained IoT environments [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. This project involves designing and implementing various components of cryptographic protocols, including S-boxes, P-boxes, encryption, and decryption techniques, to create a robust block cipher-based solution.…”